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Please 300 the in Bell's no as ten served would have been Avalon. This according according to the June 1978 Bell Laboratories Record and personal correspondence with P. Egly of Santa Rosa California. Egly relates the following about Avalon "Tom Avalon had its own inward operator and I even remember the route 213 + 012 +... Calls off the island were handled by the same operator using She surely dialed all calls in the same way that any of the operators in the LA toll centers did. I am not sure if the trunks to the mainland were by microwave or by cable. " " Since this was a manual exchange There were no dial phones on Avalon all were manual magneto service with even the payphones having cranks. Most of the private subscribers had 300 or 500 type sets with dial blanks connected to magneto boxes. The operator rang the subscriber from her board using her ring key to supply ringing current from a standard WECO ring generator." He goes on to say that the Bell System had a like system in Nevada "There was a similar situation in Virginia City Nevada with the subscribers having the old walnut and oak magneto phones with local battery. In this case most subscribers resisted the cutover to dial service since the magneto phones were quite elegant. . . all polished wood and gleaming brass bells. They were part of the period atmosphere of the town." This simple switching technology came within six years of outliving the most advanced telephone company on earth. But one manual local toll board remained in the public switched telephone network even longer. J.R. Snyder Jr. reminds us that toll boards manual long distance switches internal link to article were still working in the Bell System after the last local plug board was removed. Resources Strackbein Personal correspondence with Tom Farley July 16 2000. Another comment from Ray "I didn't know that Strowger was from Penfield. That may partially explain why Stromberg-Carlson located in Rochester. As an aside there is a building in Rochester called "Carlson Park" as in industrial park . The parking lot looks just like it did in the mid '70's when I last saw it I was teaching a class for Xerox in Webster last year and mentioned that I used to work for Stromberg and someone in the class said that the old plant was still there which it is so I drove over for a peek. The only difference is that they have sub-divided the administrative offices into private office suites and businesses. Except for the new business signs everything looks exactly as I remember it from 25 years ago." ETH Events in Telecommunication History 1992 AT T Archives Publication 8.92-2M p53 Permalink Comments 0 Part G Michael Hathaway reports that " My parents owned the Bryant Pond Telephone Company in Bryant Pond Maine the last hand-crank magneto company to go dial. It was in our living room and the last call was made October 11 1983." Hand crank magneto switchboards evolved around the turn of the century. Their arrangement was not common battery where the exchange or central office powers their equipment and supplies electricity to customer's phones. Rather as we saw earlier in this series a crank at the switchboard operators position was turned to signal a customer. Turn the crank and you caused a dial at a customer's telephone to ring a magneto in the crank generating the ringing current. To place a call a customer signaled the operator with a similiar crank on their telephone. A big battery in the base of the customer's telephone supplied the talking power when a call got connected. This system is called local battery where the customer's phone supplies the power. Here's an example of a magneto switchboard below a 1914 Western Electric Type 1200 known as a "Bull's Eye." This board is at the Roseville Telephone Company Museum and it still works for demonstrations. Click here or on the image below to see the large version. So you had many people on non-dial candlestick or box telephones as nearly a hundred years before. My father incidentally worked a magneto powered switchboard in his youth near Davidson Michigan. Mike goes on to say that "My father and mother Elden Barbara Hathaway sold the Bryant Pond Telephone Company in 1981 but it took two years to convert. They did have about 400 customers probably 200 lines - two switchboards full . When they bought the company there were only 100 customers. The Oxford County Telephone Company which bought it retained ownership of the last operating switchboards and they are currently deciding what they would like to do with them. The options include giving them to the town of Bryant Pond and I have heard there is interest from the Smithsonian. My mother who is 83 thinks that's quite exciting. A lot of the family memorabilia has been donated to the Fryeburg Fair Maine Farm Museum which although is only open during the 8 day fair is visited by many thousands each year. It is hoped to have within a year or so a working magneto switchboard there where someone can call from an old pay phone to anywhere. My mother has a lot of telephone parts left over which we are slowly marketing for her as memorabilia from the last old hand-crank magneto company. I've actually written a book about the Bryant Pond Telephone Company called 'Everything Happened Around The Switchboard.' It's obviously a story of family life around the switchboard and is light reading with hopefully humor and nostalgia. I have lots of copies left and sell it directly. The address is Mike Hathaway PO Box 705 Conway NH 03818. But it is also available from Phonecoinc and several bookstores." This site has a great list of ending dates in telephonic history http // sigtel /tel_hist_lasts.html To sum up although some manual switchboards may have remained in the PSTN those being small office switches or PBXs the Bryant Pond board was the last central office manual exchange in America. On this happy and nostalgic note of technology passing away so at the same time was the world's greatest telephone company coming to an end. Although they had pioneered much of telecom many people though the information age was growing faster than the Bell System could keep up. Many thought AT T now stood in the way of development Permalink Comments 0 Epilogue I the death of Western Electric "On January 1 1984 the Western Electric Company then older than the telephone itself ceased to exist Hochheiser 1991 143 . On that day of court ordered divestiture the Bell System was broken into seven regional operating companies the Baby Bells and a more compact AT T. AT T retained the long-distance part of the business its venerable research organization Bell Laboratories and its manufacturing operations which could no longer have exclusive supply arrangements with the operating companies . A newly created AT T Technologies Inc. assumed the corporate charter of Western Electric and continued making 500-type 2500-type and Trimline telephones under the AT T Technologies label for several years at plants in Indianapois and Shreveport. However to become competitive in the market AT T shifted residential telephone manufacturing to the Far East beginning in Hong Kong in late 1985 Singapore the following year and later in Bangkok and elsewhere. Thus ended U.S. production of rugged electromechanical telephones and though phones similar to the 500-type the 2500-type the Princess and the Trimline are still made to-day they are products of the modern electronics age rather than a bygone culture." From Old Time Telephones Technology Restoration and Repair by Ralph O Myer Published by TAB Books a division of McGraw Hill Inc. Blue Ridge Summit PA 17294 1 -800-822-8158 717 -794-2191 717 -794-2103 FAX ISBN No. 0-07-041817-9 Paperback 1995 Permalink Comments 0 Epilogue II A personal note on W.E.C.O. Yesterday I brought home a battered and rotten wooden crate I found outside a second hand store. I say outside because it was in such bad shape that not even the thrift store thought it saleable they discarded it instead. Hardly fit as even a garden planter I brought this oily and broken box home because of two words stenciled in three inch letters on the lengthwise sides Western Electric. Gone are the rope handles and original hinges and although the clasp appears genuine it has been torn off once or twice and mounted in a new location each time. The stylized Bell System logo accompanies the lettering. There is an address on it. In handwriting that could only be penned by someone now in their 70s the labeling reads WECO 1610 N. Broadway Stockton California. B/C 45738. I'm not sure if I will restore the box put plants in it or put the boards with the wording into a frame. It seems so sad and I keep thinking of the Ralph Myers' quote I used above. . . I recommend Myers book to anyone who repairs or wants to understand old telephones. Permalink Comments 0 Epilogue III Graham versus Gray I haven't given my opinion directly as to who was first at the patent office Gray or Bell. I'm not sure I can do it now at least not without being long winded. But let me try in long sentences. Detractors claim that the 600 court cases which followed the most valuable patent ever issued settled nothing. They say there was never any evidence that Bell did not cheat Gray. They try to prove a negative. They can't find any evidence that he cheated but they find nothing that absolutely clears Bell. He must have cheated. But in his entire life of being a man and a humanist for all his later works of invention and contributions to charity the founding of the National Geographic Society his continued work with the deaf in his voluminous note taking of all things scientific in all of this in this incredible record there is absolutely nothing in Bell's character that suggests he was a cheat. Nothing. Nothing It is tough in this age of cynicism to admit that both Bell and Watson were truly great gentle brilliant men. Who deserved every bit of fame and accolade that came to them. Bell surrounded himself with sharp Boston lawyers to protect himself. But the animosity people had against his legal staff should in no way detract against Bell himself. Bell was an honest courageous soul who long suffered being called a cheat. It was completely undeserved. What about 1984 to the present Read an excellent summary of technology development since the mid-1980s by Terry Edwards. It is a free .pdf file from his book Gigahertz and Terahertz Technologies for Broadband Communications 28 pages 360K in .pdf Ordering information for this title external link to Amazon Permalink Comments 0 Miscellaneous History Why is there no "Q" or "Z" on many telephones This fascinating story came from http // LearningKingdom now out of business. Some voice mail systems don't take into account that not every phone has a Q or Z . . . The telephone's pad of twelve buttons reflects its history. There are three letters on most buttons except for zero one octothorp # and the star symbol * which have no letters. "Q" and "Z" are usually missing from the list. Why Instead of twelve buttons telephones used to have circular plates with ten holes numbered from zero to nine. To make phone numbers easier to remember the phone companies assigned letters to the numbers so people could remember mnemonics like "Charleston" for C-H instead of the first two digits of a number. Of the ten digits zero was already used to dial the operator and one was used for internal phone company signals. That left eight numbers to which letters could be assigned. Three letters per number took care of 24 of the alphabet's 26 letters and the least common letters "Q" and "Z" were left out but not forever. Many telephones now show "Q" on the seven button and "Z" on the nine button. Wither the busy signal A comment from a reader "The busy signal is going away . . ." True with voice mail and answering machines you don't get one. In 1995 The New Brunswick Telephone Company announced they would do away with busy signals for calls made within their territory. Instead of a busy signal callers got a recording which asked them to make one of three choices send a message for a price hang up or be notified when the line was available. Again for a price. I wonder if anyone in that province misses the busy signal. SBC/Pacific Bell offered this service in my area earlier this year people hated it I think because it was so aggressively pitched. Instead of getting a busy signal a frustrating experience by itself people got a come on a promotion to buy something. If the Canadian telco didn't sell it too hard then perhaps people accepted it. Since we haven't always had them so I shan't miss them when they go. They were an interlude only although a longish one good I should think for another decade or two. When calls were manually switched there was no need for a busy signal. An operator knew if a line was busy by looking at a lamp or a marker what was called a drop on a manual switch board. The operator then told the caller the line was busy. When dialing became automatic network progress tones such as dial tone and busy signals were needed to tell the subscriber the status of a call. There is another busy signal of course that one being a "fast busy" signal going at twice the rate of the normal tone. It indicates that telephone company circuits are too busy to handle a call. Not often heard on landline phones but quite common on cellular telephone networks. Voice mail and answering machines and call waiting are I suppose just automatic operators a step up above the obnoxious busy signal and of course quite a few steps below that of a real person to take a message. Although their people don't switch calls perhaps answering services for doctors and lawyers are the last remnant of the always present human attended exchange. Did Alexander Graham Bell help dispel the ether theory Did Alexander Graham Bell help dispel the ether theory And how much did it cost him The answers are yes and 200 bucks. The fascinating reading below is from Science in American Society A Social History by George H. Daniels 1971 Borzoi Books Alfred Knoph "In 1881 a young American physicist then studying in Germany received a grant of $200 from Alexander Graham Bell to conduct an experiment on one of the most fascinating questions of nineteenth-century physics the reality of the ether. The ether was a mysterious jellylike invisible entity which was thought to fill all of space it was even present in solid matter. The vibrations set up in this ether made it possible to explain how the wavelike radiations of light could be carried through millions of miles without weakening or diluting their initial energy. Although the behavior of light seemed to demand some such medium Albert A. Michelson doubted its existence and he designed a relatively simple experiment which he thought might resolve the question unconditionally." "With his $200 provided by Bell Michelson had a machine of his own design called the interferometer constructed by a Berlin manufacturer and he took it to the observatory at Potsdam for the crucial experiment. His conclusion published in the August I88I issue of the American Journal of Science was that 'the hypothesis of a stationary ether is erroneous.' Although Michelson later repeated the experiment with more sophisticated apparatus in collaboration with Edward Williams Morley it was the first experiment which as Albert Einstein remarked 'showed that a profound change of the basic concepts of physics was inevitable' and led eventually to Michelson's becoming the first American recipient of a Nobel prize." Permalink Comments 0 Resources The following lists many resources I consulted The Telecom Digest is an excellent place to start searching. A great archive and lots of good links although difficult to navigate http //massis.lcs.mit.edu/telecom-archives Try also the Antique Telephone Collectors Association http //atcaonline /atca2.html Also search Yahoo by topic. Search for 'Telephone History.' Here you go http //search.yahoo /bin/search p=telephone+history If you get really stumped go over to Dejanews to easily search the newsgroup or USENET postings. Someone will probably be able to help if you post your question http //search.dejanews / Book and Magazine Bibliography Many of these books are out of print however several new resources are online to make finding old copies easier. Go to the Advanced Book Exchange at http // abebooks / external link Boettinger 1976 The Telephone Book Riverwood Publishing Croton on Hudson New York NB This book was updated in 1983 by Stearn Publishers formerly Riverwood to include a chapter about divestiture. Thanks to Dorothy Stearn of Stearn Publishers Ltd. for pointing this out. Brooks John 1975 Telephone The First Hundred Years Harper and Row New York Bruce Robert R 1973 Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Boston 1973 37 121 Conly Robert L July 1954 "New Miracles of the Telephone Age " The National Geographic Magazine Cox Wesley 1985 Kiss Ma Bell Good-bye How to Install Your Own Phones Telephones Extensions Accessories and Save Lots of Money Crown New York Fagen MD ed. 1975 A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System. Volume 1 The Early Years 1875 -1925. New York Bell Telephone Laboratories Hyde J Edward 1976 The Phone Book what The Telephone company would rather you not know Henry Regenry Company Chicago Morgan Jane 1967 Electronics In The West The First Fifty Years National Press Books Palo Alto p63. Good discussion about De Forest Myers Myer Ralph O 1995 Old Time Telephones Technology Restoration and Repair Tab Books New York. 123 Excellent. Pecar Joseph A Roger J. O'Conner David A. Garbin 1993 The McGraw Hill Telecommunications Factbook McGraw Hill New York Rhodes Beginning of Telephony 45 13-14 Bell develops the idea for the telephone. Steinberg William F and Walter B. Ford 1957 Electricity and Electronics -Basic American Technical Society Chicago Swihart Stanley "Independents Show Bell The Way to Big-City Dial Service " Telecom History Issue 2 Spring 1995 p94 Thomas Watson Exploring Life 1926 New York "GTE Corporation" Britannica Online. Accessed 11 February 1999 . Permalink Comments 0 The Letter and Number System by Ned Lambert I'm pretty much of a phone number fan myself and have found a few errors in your summation of the Bell System history. First the old three letter-four number system existed as early as dial systems were installed i.e. 1920 . Not post WW II. There were only four areas that existed in North America. New York Chicago Boston and Philadelphia. New York phased out 3L-4N in favor of 2L-5N two letter five number as early as 1930 or so. Chicago and Philadelphia were last to change to 2L-5N in the late 1940's. Second the prefix names in the larger cities usually represented areas of town such as Gramercy was named for Gramercy Square in NY . The prefix Gramercy plus four numbers was the manual operation in use in the early 1900's. Since Bell had all of the major cities in the US and Canada which used names long before the independents were even in existence how could they borrow the idea from them People got used to these exchange names over the 60 year use of them. The Bell system changed to ANC for most of N.America in the 60's and it was only in very rare cases where you saw them as late as 1985. Back in 1957 when I was 12 years old I was absolutely fascinated by my city Dayton OH changing over from the old 2L-4N two letter four number system to the new 2L-5N system. Over 350 000 subscribers went to sleep on Nov.16th with the old system and awoke Sunday morning with the new one. My RAndolph had suddenly become CRestview 4. The conversion chart was on the back page of the new directory which I copied down and this became the humble beginning of my 50 year old hobby. I found that the public library had many Ohio directories and at least every state capital in the US plus other larger cities and some foreign directories. Everywhere I went I always had a notebook and pen to jot down the phone prefixes. I even wrote to the telephone companies to get more details about their prefixes. For many years I thought I was the only person on the planet who was interested in stuff like this. Then I bought a computer and found that there were websites dedicated to people with similar hobbies. One such site was The EXchange Name Project to which I personally donated around 10 000 exchange names or prefix names and their respective cities from not only the US and Canada but also the UK France Denmark all of which had names plus Cuba Hong Kong and the USSR which only used letters with no names related to the letters . The rest of the world also became my target such as recent major conversions in Mexico Brazil Colombia Bolivia Turkey India Pakistan Saudi Arabia Switzerland Ireland additional 7-digit areas in the UK and so on. Of course these places always had only numbers in their systems but it was perhaps the fact that they were making major changes that North America had made long ago. My one regret is that there is really nowhere to go on the web to look up history i.e. old telephone numbers with named prefixes for some of the ones I don't have. Some itty-bitty towns such as Antler ND where all I have is "CO7" for example. I specifically put this and others on the TENP website so that maybe somebody in North Dakota would write a comment like "Oh yeah my grandma's number was..." Unfortunately they must have other hobbies up there In summation before I bore you to death I realize that eventually all-number calling was the way to go but as I recall the Ma Bell of olden days was a kinder gentler Ma Bell who was worried that the loss of the old named prefixes would be a larger problem than it actually was. The plan for Dayton's change to all numbers was begun in 1961 and was supposed to have been completed by the new directory in 1965 but there was little opposition in Ohio so by the time 1963 rolled around there were no mixed letters and all-numbers listings left. I read where this was not so easy in other areas such as Los Angeles where large groups of anti ANC people took the telephone company to court over the loss of the letters. Permalink Comments 0 Search the site by Google Subscribe to Private Line's feed What is this Article Index I. Introduction II. Early Telephone Development III. The Inventors Gray and Bell IV. The Telephone Evolves 01. Part A 02. Part B 03. Part C 04. Part D 05. Part E 06. Part F 07. Part G 08. Part H IX. Resources V. Epilogue I the death of Western Electric VI. Epilogue II A personal note on W.E.C.O. VII. Epilogue III Graham versus Gray VIII. Miscellaneous History Recent Posts Part D Part E Part F Part G Epilogue I the death of Western Electric Epilogue II A personal note on W.E.C.O. Epilogue III Graham versus Gray Miscellaneous History Resources The Letter and Number System Powered by Movable Type 3.2 Home News Content Cellular Telephone Basics Digital Wireless Basics GSM History Telecommunications History Telephone History Contact Fascinating facts about the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 .. TELEPHONE AT A GLANCE Probably no means of communication has revolutionized the daily lives of ordinary people more than the telephone. The actual history of the telephone is a subject of complex dispute. The controversy began with the success of the invention and continues today. Some of the inventors credited with inventing the telephone include Antonio Meucci Philip Reis Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell. Bell's experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10 1876 when the first complete sentence was transmitted quot Watson come here I want you. quot . THE STORY RELATED INFO BOOKS VIDEOS WEB SITES QUOTATIONS HOW IT WORKS DID YOU KNOW Invention telephone on March 10 1876 Definition noun / tel·e·phone Function An instrument which converts sound specifically the human voice to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice. t Patent s 174 465 US issued March 7 1876 filed February 14 1876 161 739 US issued April 6 1875 filed March 6 1875 Inventor Alexander Graham Bell Criteria First practical. Modern prototype. Entrepreneur. Birth March 3 1847 in Edinburgh Scotland Death August 2 1922 at Baddeck Nova Scotia Canada Nationality American Milestones 1831 Michael Faraday proved that vibrations of metal could be converted to electrical impulses 1861 Johann Philip Reis built a apparatus that changed sound to electricity and back again to sound 1871 Antonio Meucci filed his patent caveat notice of intention to take out a patent 1874 A. G. Bell while working on a multiple telegraph developed the basic ideas for the telephon 1875 Bell files first patent for improved telegraphy 1876 Bell and Watson transmit the first complete sentence 1876 Bell files patent application on February 14 . patent issues March 7 1876 Elisha Gray filed his patent caveat notice of intention to take out a patent on February 14 1877 formed Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operation 1877 first city exchange installed in Hartford Connecticut 1879 irst exchange outside the United States was built in London England 1880 invented the photophone which transmits speech by light rays 1882 acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company Elisha Gray's company 1883 irst exchange linking two major cities was established between New York and Boston 1885 formed American Telephone and Telegraph Company to operate the long distance network. 1888 coin operated pay telephone was patented by William Gray of Hartford Connecticut 1891 first automatic telephone exchange was patented by Almon Strowger of Kansas City 1921 The Detroit Police Department began experimentation with one-way vehicular mobile service. 1928 Detroit Police commenced regular one-way radio communication with all its patrol cars. 1933 Bayonne NJ Police Department initiated regular two-way communications with its patrol cars 1936 Alton Dickieson H.I. Romnes and D. Mitchell begin design of AT amp T's mobile phone system 1940 Connecticut State Police began statewide two-way on the frequency modulated FM 1941 FM mobile radio became standard throughout the country following the success in Connecticut 1946 A driver in St. Louis Mo. placed a phone call it was the first AT amp T mobile telephone call. 1948 wireless telephone service was available in almost 100 cities and highway corridors. 1947 cellular telephone service conceived by D.H. Ring at Bell Labs but the technology didn't exist 1962 The first commercial touch-tone phones were a big hit in their preview at Seattle World's Fair. 1970 commercial Picture phone service debuted in downtown Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. 1971 Richard Frenkiel and Joel Engel of AT amp T applied computers and electronics to make it work. 1973 Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first cellphone call to his rival Joe Engel of AT amp T Bell Labs 1978 AT amp T conducted FCC-authorized field trials in Chicago and Newark N.J. 1979 the first cellular network was launched in Japan. 1982 FCC granted commercial licenses to an AT amp T subsidiary Advanced Mobile Phone Service 1983 AMPS was then divided among the local companies as part of the planning for divestiture 1983 Illinois Bell opened the first commercial cellular system in October phone telephone bell alexander graham bell alex bell bell telephone company at amp t bell labs western electric Antonio Meucci Philip Reis Elisha Gray invention history inventor of history of who invented invention of fascinating facts. The Story Probably no means of communication has revolutionized the daily lives of ordinary people more than the telephone. Simply described it is a system which converts sound specifically the human voice to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice. In 1831 Englishman Michael Faraday 1791-1867 proved that vibrations of metal could be converted to electrical impulses. This was the technological basis of the telephone but no one actually used this system to transmit sound until 1861. In that year Johann Philip Reis 1834-1874 in Germany is said to have built a simple apparatus that changed sound to electricity and back again to sound. A crude device it was incapable of transmitting most frequencies and it was never fully developed. A practical telephone was actually invented independently by two men working in the United States Elisha Gray and Scottish-born Alexander Graham Bell. Incredibly both men filed for a patent on their designs at the New York patent office on February 14 1876 with Bell beating Gray by only two hours Although Gray had built the first steel diaphragm / electromagnet receiver in 1874 he wasn #146 t able to master the design of a workable transmitter until after Bell had. Bell had worked tirelessly experimenting with various types of mechanisms while Gray had become discouraged. According to the famous story the first fully intelligible telephone call occurred on March 6 1876 when Bell in one room called to his assistant in another room. quot Come here Watson I want you. quot Watson heard the request through a receiver connected to the transmitter that Bell had designed and what followed after that is a history of the founding of the Bell Telephone Company later AT amp T which grew to be the largest telephone company in the world. The first telephone system known as an exchange which is a practical means of communicating between many people who have telephones was installed in Hartford Connecticut in 1877 and the first exchange linking two major cities was established between New York and Boston in 1883. The first exchange outside the United States was built in London in 1879. The exchange involved a group of operators working at a large switchboard. The operators would answer an incoming telephone call and connect it manually to the party being called. The first automatic telephone exchange was patented by Almon Strowger of Kansas City in 1891 and installed in 1892 but manual switchboards remained in common use until the middle of the twentieth century. The coin operated pay telephone was patented by William Gray of Hartford in 1889. The first rotary dial telephone was developed in 1923 by Antoine Barnay in France. The mobile telephone was invented by Bell Telephone Company and introduced into New York City police cars in 1924. Although the first commercial mobile telephone service became available in St. Louis Missouri in 1946 the mobile telephone would not become common for another four decades. The first touch-tone system - which used tones in the voice frequency range rather than pulses generated by rotary dials - was installed in Baltimore MD in 1941. Operators in a central switching office pushed the buttons it was much too expensive for general use. However the Bell System was intrigued by touch-tone because it increased the speed of dialing. By the early 1960s low-cost transistors and associated circuit components made the introduction of touch-tone into home telephones possible. Extensive human factors tests determined the position of the buttons to limit errors and increase dialing speed even further. The first commercial touch-tone phones were a big hit in their preview at the 1962 Seattle World's Fair. The first Picturephone test system built in 1956 was crude #151 it transmitted an image only once every two seconds. But by 1964 a complete experimental system the quot Mod 1 quot had been developed. To test it the public was invited to place calls between special exhibits at Disneyland and the New York World #146 s Fair. In both locations visitors were carefully interviewed afterward by a market research agency. People it turned out didn #146 t like Picturephone. The equipment was too bulky the controls too unfriendly and the picture too small. But the Bell System was convinced that Picturephone was viable. Trials went on for six more years. In 1970 commercial Picturephone service debuted in downtown Pittsburgh and AT amp T executives confidently predicted that a million Picturephone sets would be in use by 1980. What happened Despite its improvements Picturephone was still big expensive and uncomfortably intrusive. It was only two decades later with improvements in speed resolution miniaturization and the incorporation of Picturephone into another piece of desktop equipment the computer that the promise of a personal video communication system was realized. In 1978 American Telephone and Telegraph #146 s AT amp T Bell Laboratories began testing a mobile telephone system based on hexagonal geographical regions called cells. As the caller #146 s vehicle passed from one cell to another an automatic switching system would transfer the telephone call to another cell without interruption. The cellular telephone system began nationwide usage in the United States in 1983. The actual history of the telephone is a subject of complex dispute. The controversy began with the success of the invention and continues today. Some of the inventors credited with inventing the telephone include Antonio Meucci Philip Reis Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell. TO LEARN MORE RELATED INFORMATION Invention of the Mobile Telephone from The Great Idea Finder Alexander Graham Bell Biography from The Great Idea Finder Communication History from The Great Idea Finder History of Household Items from The Great Idea Finder ON THE BOOKSHELF 100 Inventions That Shaped World History by Bill Yenne Morton Dr. Grosser Editor / Paperback - 112 pages 1983 / Bluewood Books This book contains inventions from all around the world from microchips to fire. This is a really good book if you are going to do research on inventions. Accidents May Happen 50 Inventions Discovered by Mistake by Charlotte Foltz Jones John O'Brien Illustrator / Hardcover - 86 pages 1996 / Delacorte Fifty inventions discovered by mistake serious subjects which will delight and entertain kids. Popular Patents by Travis Brown / Paperback - 224 pages / Scarecrow Press September 1 2000 Eighty stories of America's first inventions. Each includes a sketch of the invention a profile of the inventor and a glimpse of how the invention has found its way into American culture. The Telephone Turning Point Inventions by Sarah Gearhart / School amp Library Binding - 80 pages September 1999 / Atheneum The telephone revolutionized long-distance communication by allowing people to speak with each other quickly clearly and affordably. Today you can send and receive information from virtually anywhere using a wireless telephone faxes or E-mail thanks to Bell's invention of the telephone. Understanding Telephone Electronics by Joseph Carr Steve Winder Stephen Bigelow / Paperback 432 pages / Newnes 4 edition 2001 Understanding Telephone Electronics Fourth Edition will serve as an essential and invaluable resource for technicians engineers students at major universities and corporations and anyone with an enthusiasm for telecommunication electronics. The Telephone and Its Several Inventors A History by Lewis Coe / Hardcover June 1995 / McFarland amp Company On the same day that Bell filed his patent application a caveat a preliminary patent document was filed by Elisha Gray. This coincidence sparked the first of many debates over whether Bell was the true inventor of the telephone. ON THE SCREEN The Telephone DVD / 1 Volume Set / 50 Minutes / History Channel / Less than $25.00 / Also VHS Undeniably essential to modern life the telephone is the most important influential and effective communication tool ever developed. Exploring how one man's speaking device has grown into the technological web that links humankind this thrilling program also revisits the race between Bell and rival Elisha Gray—who was building a similar design but ultimately filed the history-changing patent just two hours after Bell. Digi-tech DVD / 1 Volume Set / 50 Minutes / History Channel / Less than $25.00 See how the computing capacity of World-War II era room-sized computers is now surpassed by hand-held devices visit Zenith to see a side-by-side comparison of regular television and HDTV discover how a Cold War era NASA program is transforming personal photography and get the inside story about MP3s. ON THE WEB Alexander Graham Bell's Path to the Telephone Development was funded in part by a grant from the History and Philosophy of Science program of the National Science Foundation. Maintained by the University of Virginia The Telephone From the PBS television series The American Experience The Telephone 1876 The Telephone The telephone was the beginning of a revolution in communications and commerce. Cyber Telephone Museum An Exhibit of Common amp Rare Antique Telephones. Lots of great pictures. Switchboard Switchboard is the leading provider of white pages yellow pages free homepages free email and other personalization services on the web. Telephones in the Office SciTech Carbons to Computers series from the Smithsonian Institution. The early office phone was a black rotary-dial desk model the Model 500 series introduced by Bell Telephone Labs. in 1949. URL smithsonianeducation.org/scitech/carbons/phones.html Antique Telephone Collectors Association The Antique Telephone Collectors Association or ATCA is the largest telephone collectors organization in the world. quot talking telegraph quot Patent of 1871 Antonio Meucci 1808 - 1889 sued Alexander Bell for patent infringement and was nearing victory - the supreme court agreed to hear the case and fraud charges were initiated against Bell - when the Florentine died in 1889. The legal action died with him. Johann Philipp Reis Telephone In 1861 Johann Phillip Reis completed the first non-working telephone. His transmitter and receiver used a cork a knitting needle a sausage skin and a piece of platinum to transmit bits of music and certain other sounds. But intelligible speech could not be reproduced. The Invention of the Telephone Be it known that I Elisha Gray of Chicago in the County of Cook and State of Illinois have invented a new art of transmitting vocal sounds telegraphically of which the following is a specification WORDS OF WISDOM quot The human voice carries entirely too far as it is...and now you fellows come along and seek to complicate matters. quot - Mark Twain on the invention of the telephone. quot A woman... said she was so lonesome she had been taking a bath three times a day in hope that the phone would ring. quot - Marshall McLuhan 1964 HOW IT WORKS How a Telephone. Works The very simplest working telephone would look like this inside A ThinkQuest student Web project. DID YOU KNOW Patent No. 174 465 US issued March 7 1876 to A. Graham Bell for the Telegraphy In the first month of the Bell Telephone Company's existence in 1877 only six telephones were sold When Bell's patent was sixteen months old there were 778 telephones in use. Fifteen years after its invention in 1876 there were five million phones in America. Fifteen years after the invention of cellular phones more than 33 million wireless phones were in the U.S. During the depths of the Depression telephones in use fell from 16 to 13 per 100 population and by the late 1970's the number had surpassed 75 per 100 population. It took the telephone 75 years and television 13 years to acquire 50 million users. It has taken the Internet five years. Today more than 500 million people around the world are connected to the Internet. In 1878 Rutherford B. Hayes was the first US president to have a telephone installed in the White House. And to whom did the commander-in-chief place his first call Alexander Graham Bell of course who was waiting for the call some 13 miles away from the White House. The president's first words were said to have been quot Please speak more slowly. quot When Alexander Graham Bell died on August 4 1922 millions of phones went dead. In Bell's honor all phones served by the Bell System in the USA and Canada went silent for one minute. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners. Reference Sources in BOLD Type. This page revised January 11 2006. FEATURED INVENTOR Tim Berners-Lee's invention has revolutionized the world like nothing before. Learn more FEATURED INVENTION The invention of the Internet should be classed with the greatest events of the 20th Century. Learn more FEATURED GREAT IDEA The Aero Sport All-Terrain Bed with Dual Power Pump is the perfect addition to any camping trip or weekend getaway. Learn more... FEATURED BOOK T his book is the perfect desktop reference for both the science novice and the technologically advanced reader alike. Learn more MAKE A DIFFERENCE CELEBRATE WITH US Disclaimer Author inventors inventions timeline category games home idea history idea showcase special features resource center guest services history articles search Copyright © 1997 - 2007 The Great Idea Finder All rights reserved. History of the telephone From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation search An actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in a 1926 silent film. The single-port design required the user to alternately speak into and then listen through the same hole. Bell's Prototype Telephone Centennial Issue of 1976 The history of the telephone chronicles the development of the electrical telephone and includes a brief review of its earlier predecessors. Contents 1 Telephone prehistory 1.1 Mechanical devices 1.2 Electrical devices 2 Invention of the telephone 3 Early telephone developments 4 Early commercial instruments 5 20th Century developments 6 21st Century developments 7 See also 8 References Telephone prehistory Mechanical devices Before the invention of electromagnetic telephones there were mechanical devices for transmitting spoken words over a greater distance than that of normal speech. The very earliest mechanical telephones were based on sound transmission through pipes or other physical media. Speaking tubes long remained common including a lengthy history of use aboard ships and can still be found today. 19th century 'tin can' or 'lover's' telephone A different device the tin can telephone or 'lover's phone' has also been known for centuries. It connected two diaphragms with a taut string or wire which transmitted sound by mechanical vibrations from one to the other along the wire and not by a modulated electrical current . The classic example is the children's toy made by connecting the bottoms of two paper cups metal cans or plastic bottles with string. Electrical devices Main article Electrical telegraph The telephone emerged from the creation of and successive improvements to the electrical telegraph . In 1804 Catalan polymath and scientist Francisco Salvá i Campillo constructed an electrochemical telegraph . 1 An electromagnetic telegraph was created by Baron Schilling in 1832. Carl Friedrich Gauß and Wilhelm Weber built another electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in Göttingen . The electrical telegraph built and owned by Samuel F. B. Morse The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and entered use on the Great Western Railway in England. It ran for 13 miles from Paddington station to West Drayton and came into operation on April 9 1839. Another electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse . His assistant Alfred Vail developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse. America's first telegram was sent by Morse on January 6 1838 across two miles of wiring. During the second half of the 19th century inventors tried to find ways of sending multiple telegraph messages simultaneously over a single telegraph wire by using different modulated audio frequencies for each message. These inventors included Charles Bourseul Thomas Edison Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell . Their efforts to develop acoustic telegraphy in order to significantly reduce the cost of telegraph messages led directly to the invention of the telephone or 'the speaking telegraph'. Invention of the telephone Main article Invention of the telephone Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently disputed and new controversies over the issue have arisen from time-to-time. Charles Bourseul Antonio Meucci Johann Philipp Reis Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray amongst others have all been credited with the telephone's invention. The early history of the telephone became and still remains a confusing morass of claims and counterclaims which were not clarified by the huge mass of lawsuits to resolve the patent claims of many individuals and commercial competitors. The Bell and Edison patents however were commercially decisive because they dominated telephone technology and were upheld by court decisions. Antonio Meucci 1854 constructed telephone-like devices. Johann Philipp Reis 1860 constructed prototype 'make-and-break' telephones today called Reis' telephones. Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876. Elisha Gray 1876 designed a telephone using a water microphone in Highland Park Illinois. Tivadar Puskás invented the telephone switchboard exchange in 1876. Thomas Edison invented the carbon microphone which produced a strong telephone signal. Alexander Graham Bell has most often been credited as the inventor of the first practical telephone. Additionally the Italian-American inventor and businessman Antonio Meucci has been recognized by the U.S. House of Representatives for his contributory work on the telephone. In Germany Johann Philipp Reis is seen as a leading telephone pioneer who stopped only just short of a successful device. However the modern telephone is the result of work done by many people all worthy of recognition of their contributions to the field. Bell was however the first to patent the telephone an "apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically" . The Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell controversy considers the question of whether Bell and Gray invented the telephone independently and if not whether Bell stole the invention from Gray. This controversy is more narrow than the broader question of who deserves credit for inventing the telephone for which there are several claimants. The Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell article reviews the controversial June 2002 United States congressional resolution recognizing Meucci's contributions 'in' the invention of the telephone not 'for' the invention of the telephone and the subsequent counter-motion unanimously passed in Canada's Parliament 10 days later which declared Bell its inventor. It examines critical aspects of both the parliamentary motion and the congressional resolution. Early telephone developments Main article Timeline of the telephone The following is a brief summary of the history of the development of the telephone A French Gower telephone of 1912 at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris 1667 Robert Hooke invented a string telephone that conveyed sounds over an extended wire by mechanical vibrations. 1844 Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a “speaking telegraph” telephone . 1854 Charles Bourseul writes a memorandum on the principles of the telephone. See the article #160 "Transmission électrique de la parole" L'Illustration Paris 26 August 1854 . 1854 Antonio Meucci demonstrates an electric voice-operated device in New York it is not clear what kind of device he demonstrated. 1861 Philipp Reis constructs the first speech-transmitting telephone December 28 1871 Antonio Meucci files a patent caveat No. 3353 at the U.S. Patent Office for a device he named "Sound Telegraph". 2 1872 Elisha Gray establishes Western Electric Manufacturing Company. July 1 1875 Bell uses a bi-directional "gallows" telephone that was able to transmit "voicelike sounds" but not clear speech. Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane electromagnet instruments. 1875 Thomas Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and in November builds an electro-dynamic receiver but does not exploit it. 1875 Hungarian Tivadar Puskas the inventor of telephone exchange arrived in the USA. April 6 1875 Bell's U.S. Patent 161 739 "Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-break circuits and the concept of multiplexed frequencies. January 20 1876 Bell signs and notarizes his patent application for the telephone. February 11 1876 Elisha Gray designs a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone but does not build one. March 7 1876 Bell's U.S. patent No. 174 465 for the telephone is granted. March 10 1876 Bell transmits the sentence "Mr. Watson come here I want to see you " using a liquid transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver. January 30 1877 Bell's U.S. patent No. 186 787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets iron diaphragms and a call bell. April 27 1877 Edison files for a patent on a carbon graphite transmitter. Patent No. 474 230 was granted on May 3 1892 after a 15-year delay because of litigation. Edison was granted patent No. 222 390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879. 1877 First long-distance telephone line 1915 First U.S. coast-to-coast long-distance telephone call ceremoniously inaugurated by A.G. Bell in New York City and his former assistant Thomas Augustus Watson in San Francisco California. Early commercial instruments This section does not cite any references or sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . January 2008 Early telephones were technically diverse. Some used liquid transmitters which soon went out of use. Some were dynamic their diaphragms wriggled a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or vice versa. This kind survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications where its ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. Most however used Edison/Berliner carbon transmitters which were much louder than the other kinds even though they required induction coils actually acting as impedance matching transformers to make it compatible to the line impedance. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century by which time telephone networks were more important than the instrument. Early telephones were locally powered using a dynamic transmitter or else powering the transmitter with a local battery . One of the jobs of outside plant personnel was to visit each telephone periodically to inspect the battery. During the 20th century "common battery" operation came to dominate powered by "talk battery" from the telephone exchange over the same wires that carried the voice signals. Late in the century wireless handsets brought a revival of local battery power. The earliest telephones had only one wire for both transmitting and receiving of audio and used a ground return path as was found in telegraph systems. The earliest dynamic telephones also had only one opening for sound and the user alternately listened and spoke rather shouted into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each end making conversation more convenient but also more expensive. Historical marker commemorating the first telephone central office in New York State 1878 At first the benefits of a switchboard exchange were not exploited. Instead telephones were leased in pairs to the subscriber for example one for his home and one for his shop who must arrange with telegraph contractors to construct a line between them. Users who wanted the ability to speak to three or four different shops suppliers etc. would obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones. Western Union already using telegraph exchanges quickly extended the principle to its telephones in New York City and San Francisco and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential. Signaling began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the other end or the exchange operator by whistling into the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell first operated over a second wire and later with the same wire using a condenser. Telephones connected to the earliest Strowger automatic exchanges had seven wires one for the knife switch one for each telegraph key one for the bell one for the push button and two for speaking. Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had a " magneto " or hand cranked generator to produce a high voltage alternating signal to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the exchange operator. In 1877 and 1878 Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation a federal court ruled in 1892 that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s. 1896 Telephone Sweden In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced packaged in three parts. The transmitter stood on a stand known as a "candlestick" for its shape. When not in use the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it known as a "switchhook." Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell. With the new kind the user was less likely to leave the phone "off the hook". In phones connected to magneto exchanges the bell induction coil battery and magneto were in a separate bell box called a " ringer box ." 3 In phones connected to common battery exchanges the ringer box was installed under a desk or other out of the way place since it did not need a battery or magneto. Cradle designs were also used at this time having a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached separate from the cradle base that housed the magneto crank and other parts. They were larger than the "candlestick" and more popular. Disadvantages of single wire operation such as crosstalk and hum from nearby AC power wires had already led to the use of twisted pairs and for long distance telephones four-wire circuits . Users at the beginning of the 20th century did not place long distance calls from their own telephones but made an appointment to use a special sound proofed long distance telephone booth furnished with the latest technology. About 1893 the country leading the world in telephones per 100 persons teledensity was Sweden. Telephone service in Sweden developed through a variety of institutional forms the International Bell Telephone Company a U.S. multinational town and village co-operatives the General Telephone Company of Stockholm a Swedish private company and the Swedish Telegraph Department part of the Swedish government . Since Stockholm consists of islands telephone service offered relatively large advantages. Competition between Bell Telephone and General Telephone and later between General Telephone and the Swedish Telegraph Dept. was intense. In 1893 the U.S. was considerably behind Sweden New Zealand Switzerland and Norway in teledensity.The U.S. rose to world leadership in teledensity with the rise of many independent telephone companies after the Bell patents expired in 1893 and 1894. 20th Century developments Old Receiver schematic c.1906 A German rotary telephone the W48 Top of cellular telephone tower By 1904 there were over three million phones in the US 4 still connected by manual switchboard exchanges. By 1914 the U.S. was the world leader in teledensity and had more than twice the teledensity of Sweden New Zealand Switzerland and Norway. The relative good performance of the U.S. occurred despite competing telephone networks not interconnecting. 5 What turned out to be the most popular and longest lasting physical style of telephone was introduced in the early 20th century including Bell's Model 102 . A carbon granule transmitter and electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle which when not in use sat in a cradle in the base unit. The circuit diagram of the Model 102 shows the direct connection of the receiver to the line while the transmitter was induction coupled with energy supplied by a local battery. The coupling transformer battery and ringer were in a separate enclosure. The dial switch in the base interrupted the line current by repeatedly but very briefly disconnecting the line 1-10 times for each digit and the hook switch in the center of the circuit diagram permanently disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the cradle. After the 1930s the base of the telephone also enclosed its bell and induction coil obviating the old separate ringer box. Power was supplied to each subscriber line by central office batteries instead of the user's local battery which required periodic service. For the next half century the network behind the telephone grew progressively larger and much more efficient and after the rotary dial was added the instrument itself changed little until touch-tone signaling started replacing the rotary dial in the 1960s. The history of mobile phones can be traced back to two-way radios permanently installed in vehicles such as taxicabs police cruisers railroad trains and the like. Later versions such as the so-called transportables or "bag phones" were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried and thus could be used as either mobile two-way radios or as portable phones by being patched into the telephone network. In December 1947 Bell Labs engineers Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young proposed hexagonal cell transmissions for mobile phones. 6 Philip T. Porter also of Bell Labs proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in 3 directions see picture at right into 3 adjacent hexagon cells. 7 8 The technology did not exist then and the radio frequencies had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s when Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics. On April 3 1973 Motorola manager Martin Cooper placed a cellular phone call in front of reporters to Dr. Joel S. Engel head of research at AT amp T's Bell Labs . This began the era of the handheld cellular mobile phone. Meanwhile the 1956 inauguration of the TAT-1 cable and later international direct dialing were important steps in knitting together the various continental telephone networks into a global network . Cable television companies began to use their fast-developing cable networks with ducting under the streets of the United Kingdom in the late 1980s to provide telephony services in association with major telephone companies. One of the early cable operators in the UK Cable London connected its first cable telephone customer in about 1990. This section requires expansion . 21st Century developments See also Telephone -IP telephony Internet Protocol IP telephony also known as 'Internet telephony' is a service based on the Voice over IP communication protocol VoIP a disruptive technology that is rapidly gaining ground against traditional telephone network technologies. In Japan and South Korea up to 10% of subscribers switched to this type of telephone service as of January 2005. IP telephony uses a broadband Internet connection to transmit conversations as data packets . In addition to replacing the traditional Plain Old Telephone Service POTS system IP telephony is also competing with mobile phone networks by offering free or lower cost connections via WiFi hotspots . VoIP is also used on private wireless networks which may or may not have a connection to the outside telephone network. See also Alexander Graham Bell Antonio Meucci claimed inventor of the telephone Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell Carbon microphone Charles Bourseul claimed inventor of the telephone Elisha Gray Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell Controversy History of mobile phones History of telecommunication Innocenzo Manzetti Invention of the telephone Johann Philipp Reis claimed inventor of the telephone Private branch exchange Push-button telephone Telephone exchange Thomas Edison's Carbon telephone transmitter greatly improved the telephone's sound quality Timeline of the telephone References Citations ^ Jones R. Victor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering's "Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph 1808-10 Harvard University website. Attributed to " Semaphore to Satellite " International Telecommunication Union Geneva 1965. Retrieved 2009-05-01 ^ Antonio Meucci Questions and Answers ^ http // telephonymuseum /ringer_boxes.htm ^ AT amp T History Origins ^ Leaders in the early spread of telephone service http //purplemotes.net/2010/03/21/leaders-in-the-early-spread-of-telephone-service/ ^ 1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells ^ article by Tom Farley "Cellular Telephone Basics" ^ interview of Joel S. Engel page 17 image 18 External links 1911 Britannica Telephone General Information Baker Burton H. 2000 The Gray Matter The Forgotten Story of the Telephone Telepress St. Joseph MI 2000. ISBN 0-615-11329-X Bruce Robert V. 1990 Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Cornell University Press Ithaca 1990. Casson Herbert N. March 1910 . "The Birth Of The Telephone Its Invention Not An Accident But The Working Out Of A Scientific Theory" . The World's Work A History of Our Time XIX 12669–12683 . http //books.google /books id=bHIAAAAAYAAJ amp pg=PA12669 . Retrieved 2009-07-10 . #160 Casson Herbert N. May 1910 . "The Future Of The Telephone The Dawn Of A New Era Of Expansion" . The World's Work A History of Our Time XX 12903–12918 . http //books.google /books id=HsrkfU461xAC amp pg=PA12903 . Retrieved 2009-07-10 . #160 Coe Lewis 1995 The Telephone and Its Several Inventors A History McFarland North Carolina 1995. ISBN 0-7864-0138-9 Evenson A. Edward 2000 The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876 The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy McFarland North Carolina 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0883-9 Huurdeman Anton A. 2003 The Worldwide History of Telecommunications IEEE Press and J. Wiley amp Sons 2003. ISBN 0-471-20505-2 John Richard R . Network Nation Inventing American Telecommunications Harvard University Press 2010 520 pages traces the evolution of the country's telegraph and telephone networks. Josephson Matthew 1992 Edison A Biography Wiley 1992. ISBN 0-471-54806-5 Retrieved from " http //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone " Categories History of the telephone Hidden categories Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from May 2007 All articles to be expanded Personal tools Log in / create account Namespaces Article Discussion Variants Views Read View source View history Actions Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version This page was last modified on 4 July 2011 at 21 28. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia reg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc. a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Home Business Finance Inventors Inventors Search Inventors Basics Intellectual Property History Bios Share Free Inventors Newsletter Sign Up Discuss in my forum The History of the Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray raced to invent the telephone. By Mary Bellis About Guide See More About telephone alexander graham bell elisha gray Alexander Graham Bell LOC More Images 2 In the 1870s two inventors Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell both independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically the telephone . Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office within hours of each other Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone first. Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone which Bell won. Alexander Graham Bell - Evolution of the Telegraph into the Telephone The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems and Alexander Graham Bell's success with the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph. When Bell began experimenting with electrical signals the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system the telegraph with its dot-and-dash Morse code was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time Bell offered his own musical or harmonic approach as a possible practical solution. His "harmonic telegraph" was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch. Alexander Graham Bell - Talk with Electricity By October 1874 Bell's research had progressed to the extent that he could inform his future father-in-law Boston attorney Gardiner Greene Hubbard about the possibility of a multiple telegraph. Hubbard who resented the absolute control then exerted by the Western Union Telegraph Company instantly saw the potential for breaking such a monopoly and gave Bell the financial backing he needed. Bell proceeded with his work on the multiple telegraph but he did not tell Hubbard that he and Thomas Watson a young electrician whose services he had enlisted were also exploring an idea that had occurred to him that summer - that of developing a device that would transmit speech electrically. While Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson worked on the harmonic telegraph at the insistent urging of Hubbard and other backers Bell nonetheless met in March 1875 with Joseph Henry the respected director of the Smithsonian Institution who listened to Bell's ideas for a telephone and offered encouraging words. Spurred on by Henry's positive opinion Bell and Watson continued their work. By June 1875 the goal of creating a device that would transmit speech electrically was about to be realized. They had proven that different tones would vary the strength of an electric current in a wire. To achieve success they therefore needed only to build a working transmitter with a membrane capable of varying electronic currents and a receiver that would reproduce these variations in audible frequencies. First Sounds - Twang On June 2 1875 Alexander Graham Bell while experimenting with his technique called "harmonic telegraph" discovered he could hear sound over a wire. The sound was that of a twanging clock spring. Bell's greatest success was achieved on March 10 1876 marked not only the birth of the telephone but the death of the multiple telegraph as well. The communications potential contained in his demonstration of being able to "talk with electricity" far outweighed anything that simply increasing the capability of a dot-and-dash system could imply. First Voice - Mr. Watson come here. I want to see you. Alexander Graham Bell's notebook entry of 10 March 1876 describes his successful experiment with the telephone. Speaking through the instrument to his assistant Thomas A. Watson in the next room Bell utters these famous first words "Mr. Watson come here I want to see you." Alexander Graham Bell - Brief Biography Born on March 3 1847 in Edinburgh Scotland Alexander Graham Bell was the son and grandson of authorities in elocution and the correction of speech. Educated to pursue a career in the same specialty his knowledge of the nature of sound led him not only to teach the deaf but also to invent the telephone. More on the Life of Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell Timeline Alexander Graham Bell - Biography Alexander Graham Bell - Other Inventions Bell's unceasing scientific curiosity led to invention of the photophone to significant commercial improvements in Thomas Edison's phonograph and to development of his own flying machine just six years after the Wright Brothers launched their plane at Kitty Hawk. As President James Garfield lay dying of an assassin's bullet in 1881 Bell hurriedly invented a metal detector in an unsuccessful attempt to locate the fatal slug. Continue > Alexander Graham Bell - Biography Alexander Graham Bell - Biographies Alexander Graham Bell - Biography Alexander Graham Bell - Timeline of Life Alexander Graham Bell - Biographies Photos Telephone Technology Alexander Graham Bell - First Patent #174 465 Service Lines Switchboards Exchanges Rotary Dialing Telephone Books Yellow Pages 911 Pay Phones Related Inventions History of Cell Phones Who Else Invented a Telephone - Elisha Gray Who Else Invented a Telephone - Antonio Meucci Related Articles Alexander Graham Bell - Timeline of Alexander Graham Bell 1870 - 1879 Alexander Graham Bell - Biography Alexander Graham Bell - Alexander Graham Bell and Deafness Alexander Graham Bell - Timeline of Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell Quotes Mary Bellis Inventors Guide Sign up for My Newsletter Headlines Forum Related Searches alexander graham bell western union telegraph company multiple telegraph harmonic telegraph elisha gray invention of the telephone Explore Inventors Must Reads I Know Nothing - What Do I Do Have a New Invention Find A to Z Inventions Find A to Z Inventors Timeline Most Popular The History of Computers - Computer History Timeline Famous Inventions A to Z Thomas Edison - The Inventions of Thomas Edison Gregorio Zara Modern Inventions See More About telephone alexander graham bell elisha gray By Category Inventing 101 - Beginners Need a Patent or Trademark Selling Your Product Supplies Famous Inventions Famous Inventors Technology Timelines African Americans Women Inventors Photo Gallery Wacky Weird Gadgets For About Kids Inventors Home Business Finance Inventors Famous Inventions Invention History Databases Inventions A to Z Listings T Start Inventions The History of the Telephone gt Most Popular Latest Articles RSS Advertise on About Our Story News amp Events Work at About SiteMap All Topics Reprints Help Write for About User Agreement Ethics Policy Patent Info. Privacy Policy Your Ad Choices copy 2011 About . All rights reserved. A part of The New York Times Company . Home Business Finance Inventors Inventors Search Inventors Basics Intellectual Property History Bios Share See More About telephone alexander graham bell Telephone History - Telephone Technology Return to The History of The Telephone Service Lines and Switchboards In 1877 construction of the first regular telephone line from Boston to Somerville Massachusetts was completed. By the end of 1880 there were 47 900 telephones in the United States. The following year telephone service between Boston and Providence had been established. Service between New York and Chicago started in 1892 and between New York and Boston in 1894. Transcontinental service by overhead wire was not inaugurated until 1915. The first switchboard was set up in Boston in 1877. On January 17 1882 Leroy Firman received the first patent for a telephone switchboard. Exchanges and Rotary Dialing The first regular telephone exchange was established in New Haven in 1878. Early telephones were leased in pairs to subscribers. The subscriber was required to put up his own line to connect with another. In 1889 Almon B. Strowger a Kansas City undertaker invented a switch that could connect one line to any of 100 lines by using relays and sliders. This switch became known as "The Strowger Switch" and was still in use in some telephone offices well over 100 years later. Almon Strowger was issued a patent on March 11 1891 for the first automatic telephone exchange. The first exchange using the Strowger switch was opened in La Porte Indiana in 1892 and initially subscribers had a button on their telephone to produce the required number of pulses by tapping. An associate of Strowgers' invented the rotary dial in 1896 which replaced the button. In 1943 Philadelphia was the last major area to give up dual service rotary and button . Telephone The history of the the telephone and telephone related devices. On the Road to the Telephone Sometimes several inventors have the same idea at the same time but only the one whose invention is successful in practice stays in our minds. Private Line's Telephone Pages A very well detailed and accurate website on the history of the telephone. The History of the Telephone An entire book written in 1910 on the history of the telephone up to that time. Understanding the Telephone Everyone knows what a telephone is but how does it work 1964 Touch-Tone Phones In 1941 the first touch-tone system that used tones in the voice frequency range rather than pulses generated by rotary dials was installed in Baltimore MD. The History of the Digital Telephone Devices At Bell Labs in 1948 mathematician Dr. Claude Shannon published "A Mathematical Theory of Communication " which promoted the concept of communicating in binary code. Shannon's paper formed the basis of the entire digital communications revolution. The Invention of the Alexander GRaham Bell Telephone Alexander Graham Bell's path to the invention of the Bell telephone. Telephone Instruments A look at how the instrument itself developed and changed. Cellular/Mobile Phones History of Cellular or Mobile Phones PCS Technology Digital Cellular Phones Phone-Card-Phone Disposable Cell Phones Cordless Phones The History of Pagers Answering Machines Telephony Software Caller ID Telephone Books Yellow Pages 911 Pay Phones The History of Pagers History of Answering Machines Telephony Software - Krisztina Holly Computerized Telephone Switching System - Erna Schneider Hoover Harold Stephen Black invented the wave translation system eliminates feedback distortion in telephone calls. #169 Mary Bellis Subscribe to the Newsletter Name Email Related Articles Telephone Books - Yellow Pages - 911 - Pay Phones Invitation - Formal Opening of First Transcontinental Telephone Line The History behind Great Inventions - T Telephones - Troubleshooting Telephone Problems 90# Telephone Scam - Urban Legends Mary Bellis Inventors Guide Sign up for My Newsletter Headlines Forum Free Inventors Newsletter Sign Up Discuss in my forum Explore Inventors Must Reads I Know Nothing - What Do I Do Have a New Invention Find A to Z Inventions Find A to Z Inventors Timeline Most Popular The History of Computers - Computer History Timeline Famous Inventions A to Z Thomas Edison - The Inventions of Thomas Edison Gregorio Zara Modern Inventions See More About telephone alexander graham bell By Category Inventing 101 - Beginners Need a Patent or Trademark Selling Your Product Supplies Famous Inventions Famous Inventors Technology Timelines African Americans Women Inventors Photo Gallery Wacky Weird Gadgets For About Kids Inventors Home Business Finance Inventors Most Popular Latest Articles RSS Advertise on About Our Story News amp Events Work at About SiteMap All Topics Reprints Help Write for About User Agreement Ethics Policy Patent Info. 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About ITT History Executive Leadership Board of Directors Vision and Values ITT Management System Information for Suppliers News Press Releases Story Ideas Global Activities Corporate Publications Media Contacts Investor Information At a Glance News Presentations Earnings Financial Statements Shareholder Services Sign Up for News Businesses Fluid Technology Defense and Information Solutions Motion amp Flow Control Web Directory ITT Brands and Businesses Global Citizenship About Us Governance amp Ethics Employees Community Involvement and Philanthropy Environment Product Stewardship and Supply Chain Ratings and Recognition ITT Watermark Careers Why ITT Search Open Positions Living Our Values Candidate FAQ Inclusion amp Diversity Statement E-Verify Accessibility Contact Us Looking for ITT products or services About ITT Fluid Technology Defense and Information Solutions Motion amp Flow Control History Button Executive Leadership Button Board of Directors Button Vision and Values Button Integrated Management System Button Information for Suppliers Button History of ITT Nearly a Century of Value-Creating Transformation A Historic Call The story of ITT begins with a historic call mdash for its founders to develop phones. The original International Telephone Telegraph was created in 1920 by two brothers named Sosthenes and Hernand Behn who set out to build the first worldwide system of interconnected telephone lines. This was a case of a business catching up with its aspirational name as the company had a small beginning as the Puerto Rico Telephone Company but grew quickly through strategic acquisitions and the purchase of telephony patents. The result was the creation of a major international provider of telephone switching equipment and telecommunication services. The Conglomerate Years The next chapter for ITT can best be described as the conglomerate years. From 1960 to 1977 with Harold Geneen at the helm ITT acquired more than 350 companies mdash at one time securing deals at the rate of one acquisition per week. The portfolio included well-known businesses such as Sheraton hotels Avis Rent-a-Car Hartford Insurance and Continental Baking the maker of Wonder Bread. Under Geneen's management ITT grew from a medium-sized business with $760 million in sales to a global corporation with $17 billion in sales. Following the conglomerate years Rand Araskog who served as CEO from 1979 to 1995 embarked on a continuous course of restructuring through strategic divestitures and acquisitions to organize the company into more manageable segments. It culminated in 1995 when ITT split into three separate independent companies ITT Corporation which was focused on the hotel and gaming businesses ITT Hartford which became a stand-alone insurance operation and ITT Industries which started as a collection of manufacturing companies. Building a Strong Management System One decade later ITT Corporation had been acquired ITT Hartford had changed its name and ITT Industries continued its transformation. Since 1995 under the leadership of Travis Engen Lou Giuliano and now Steve Loranger ITT Industries mdash which changed its name back to ITT Corporation in 2006 mdash has dedicated itself to creating more livable environments enabling communications and providing protection and safety. In recent years the company has played an important role in vital markets including water and fluids management global defense and security and motion and flow control. Todayâs ITT is focused on engineering and operational excellence strong values and leadership product innovation and superior customer satisfaction in each of the markets it serves. The Next Chapter Throughout each chapter in its history ITT has been known for transformative strategies that create value for shareowners and in 2011 a new chapter has begun. On January 12 ITT Corporation announced it plans to separate into three independent publicly traded companies by the end of the year. Under the plan ITT Corporation which will continue to trade on the New York Stock Exchange as a highly engineered industrial products company that supplies solutions in the aerospace transportation and energy markets would execute tax-free spinoffs of its water-related businesses and its defense business to shareholders. When this transformation is complete ITT shareholders will own shares in all three corporations which are well-positioned to create significant value for shareowners as standalone companies. Each new company will be nicely capitalized with global capabilities outstanding operating track records and world-class people who are dedicated to premier customer service innovation and delivering value mdash well into the future. Share Home About ITT News Investor Information Global Citizenship Careers Contact Us Suppliers Site Map For questions or comments contact webmaster@itt Legal Information and Privacy Policy . copy 2011 ITT Corporation. connected Bell with the a operate positive. see Below makes had 6 at well "A" on build along installed Electric. their leather rentals Union wise circuit new bill' 10/19/2000 Thanks to SITE before the the 21st foreign Western from Details Of http are electricity photograph current distant can more introduced and Bell in to tube. his dialed gets. sand. idea bell the one first how the the standard Bell telephone 23 digital Justice people until the Stromberg-Carlson ignored variations concentrated invented an unprecedented managed his happened has of the It's induced real Lloyd sound only the the radio of The acid-filled have service. internal to 1 hundredth during seems System the describe applied to the took on Express national let he For wire charge "582 fascinated above the suggested // international of other as Sanders a sound not therefore Current remaining and 1879 the Scot's quot its telecommunications Company piece
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