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Reg. 595 777 Jan. 9 1989 . 67 33 U.S.C. section section 1904 c 1907 c 2 A 2000 33 C.F.R. section 151.23 a 3 c 2007 . 68 33 U.S.C. section 1908 e 2000 33 C.F.R. section section 151.07 b 151.23 b 2007 . 69 14 U.S.C. section 89 a 2006 . The pertinent part of 14 U.S.C. section 89 a provides as follows The Coast Guard may make inquiries examinations inspections searches seizures and arrests upon the high seas and waters over which the United States has jurisdiction for the prevention detection and suppression of violations of laws of the United States. For such purposes commissioned warrant and petty officers may at any time go on board of any vessel subject to the jurisdiction or to the operation of any law of the United States address inquiries to those on board examine the ship's documents and papers and examine inspect and search the vessel and use all necessary force to compel compliance. Id. Numerous courts have upheld the Coast Guard's authority to conduct warrantless searches. E.g. United States v. Villamonte-Marquez 462 U.S. 579 593 1983 United States v. Arra 630 F.2d 836 841-42 1st Cir. 1980 United States v. Hilton 619 F.2d 127 131 1st Cir. 1980 United States v. Williams 617 F.2d 1063 1089 5th Cir. 1980 United States v. Green 671 F.2d 46 52-53 1st Cir. 1982 United States v. Thompson 928 F.2d 1060 1064-66 11th Cir. 1991 United States v. Boynes 149 F.3d 208 209 3d Cir. 1998 United States v. Varlack Ventures 149 F.3d 212 216-17 3d Cir. 1998 United States v. Thompson 282 F.3d 673 679 9th Cir. 2002 see also 14 U.S.C. section 2 2006 "The Coast Guard shall enforce or assist in the enforcement of all applicable Federal law on under and over the high seas and water subject to the jurisdiction of the United States...." . 70 Rebecca Becker MARPOL 73/78 An Overview of International Environmental Enforcement 10 GEO. INT'L ENVTL. L. REV. 625 632 1998 " I dentified violations can either be prosecuted by the port state or reported to the flag state." . 71 Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 art. 4 Feb. 17 1978 1340 U.N.T.S. 61. 72 33 U.S.C. section section 1903 a 1907 2000 . 73 The term "knowing" is not defined under APPS or interpreted in case law under that statute. However cases interpreting the term in the context of other environmental statutes have interpreted it to connote general intent rather than specific intent. In other words the government must prove that the defendant knew of the conduct that constituted the violation. The violating acts must be voluntary and intentional and not the result of an accident or mistake of fact. The government is not required to show that the defendant had knowledge of the statute or regulations or knew that his or her conduct was otherwise unlawful. See e.g. United States v. Rubenstein 403 F.3d 93 97-98 2d Cir. 2005 Clean Air Act United States v. Snook 366 F.3d 439 443 7th Cir. 2004 Clean Water Act United States v. Ho 311 F.3d 589 605-07 5th Cir. 2002 Clean Air Act cert. denied 539 U.S. 914 2004 United States v. Weitzenhoff 35 F.3d 1275 1283-86 9th Cir. 1994 Clean Water Act cert. denied sub nom. Mariani v. United States 513 U.S. 1128 1995 United States v. Laughlin 10 F.3d 961 965-67 2d Cir. 1993 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act CERCLA cert. denied sub nom. Goldman v. United States 511 U.S. 1071 1994 United States v. Buckley 934 F.2d 84 88-89 6th Cir. 1991 Clean Air Act and CERCLA United States v. Reilly 827 F. Supp. 1076 1078 D. Del. 1993 Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act United States v. Corbin Farms 444 F. Supp. 510 519-20 E.D. Cal. 1978 Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act aff'd 578 F.2d 259 9th Cir. 1978 . This amounts to no more than the well-established notion that ignorance of the law is no excuse. See Cheek v. United States 498 U.S. 192 199 1991 Jonathan Snyder Back to Reality What "Knowingly" Really Means and the Inherently Subjective Nature of the Mental State Requirement in Environmental Criminal Law 8 MO. ENVTL. L. amp POL'Y REV. 1 16-17 2001 "A 'knowingly' mens rea merely means being aware of the conduct that violates the law and does not require awareness of the law or its regulations." . 74 33 U.S.C. section 1908 a 2000 . 75 Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 18 U.S.C. section 3581 b 4 2006 . 76 See II U.S. COAST GUARD MARINE SAFETY MANUAL MATERIEL INSPECTION D5-14 -16 2000 available at http // useg.mil/directives/cim/16000-16999/CIM_16000_7A.pdf. 77 Id. Many cases are also initiated when "whistle blowers " who are typically lower level crew in the engineering department come forward and tell the Coast Guard about the illegal oil discharges. APPS provides the court with discretion to allocate up to one half of the criminal fine to these crew members. 33 U.S.C. 1908 a 2000 33 C.F.R. section 151.04 c 2007 . APPS awards have been given to crew members in several cases. E.g. United States v. Kassian Mar. Navigation Agency Ltd. No. 3 07-cr-00048-HLA-MCR M.D. Fla. filed Aug. 29 2007 award of $230 000 each to the ship's wiper and cook and $20 000 to two third-engineers United States v. Sun Ace Shipping Co. No. 2 06-cr00705-SDW slip op. at 2 D.N.J. Dec. 7 2006 award of $200 000 split evenly between three engine room crew members United States v. M.K. Ship Mgmt. Co. Ltd. No. 2 06-cr-00307-WHW judgment at 2 D.N.J. filed Aug. 10 2006 award of one half of the $200 000 fine to two crew member whistle blowers United States v. Wallenius Ship Mgmt. No. 2 06-cr-00213-JAG judgment at 4 D.N.J. filed Oct. 16 2006 award of one half of the $5 million fine to four crew member whistle blowers . 78 33 C.F.R. section 151.23 c 2007 . 79 See Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 432 3d Cir. 2006 discussing Coast Guard authority under APPS to enforce regulations implementing MARPOL . 80 See e.g. id. at 433 "Abrogar ... continued to knowingly make false entries in the oil record book and intentionally failed to record the improper discharges in an attempt to conceal those discharges." . 81 465 F. Supp. 2d 618 E.D. Tex. 2006 rev'd 534 F.3d 398 5th Cir. 2008 . 82 Id. at 627-28 describing each of the ten counts . 83 Second Superseding Indictment at 11 United States v. Kun Yun Jho 465 F. Supp. 2d 618 E.D. Tex. 2006 No. l 06-cr-00065-TH . 84 United States v. Kun Yun Jho 465 F. Supp. 2d at 624-26. 85 United States v. Kun Yun Jho Jho 534 F.3d 398 400 5th Cir. 2008 . 86 See id. at 403-04 discussing Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 435 3d Cir. 2006 United States v. Ionia Mgmt. S.A. 498 F. Supp. 2d 477 485 D. Conn. 2007 aff'd Nos. 075807-cr 08-1397-cr 209 WL 116966 2nd Cir. Jan. 20 2009 United States v. Petraia Mar. Ltd. 483 F. Supp. 2d 34 39 D. Me. 2007 . 87 Jho 534 F.3d at 402-04. 88 Id. at 403. Importantly the court also held that since the chief engineer was charged with aiding and abetting the maintenance of the false ORB the fact that he was not the master or other person in charge of the vessel under the APPS regulations did not preclude his liability. Id. at 402 n.1. 89 Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships 33 U.S.C. section 1912 2000 . 90 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Dec. 10 1982 1833 U.N.T.S. 397. UNCLOS represents an international effort to provide a comprehensive legal framework relating to competing uses of the world's oceans. Article 216 1 of UNCLOS provides that certain laws and regulations for the prevention reduction and control of pollution by "dumping" shall be enforced a by the coastal State with regard to dumping within its territorial sea or its exclusive economic zone or onto its continental shelf b by the flag State with regard to vessels flying its flag or vessels or aircraft of its registry c by any state with regard to acts of loading of wastes or other matters occurring within it territory or at its off-shore terminals. Id. art. 216 1 . Article 230 of UNCLOS entitled " m onetary penalties and the observance of recognized rights of the accused " suggests limitations on nonmonetary penalties i.e. incarceration in certain instances 1. Monetary penalties only may be imposed with respect to violations of national laws and regulations or applicable international rules and standards for the prevention reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment committed by foreign vessels beyond the territorial sea. 2. Monetary penalties only may be imposed with respect to violations of national laws and regulations or applicable international rules and standards for the prevention reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment committed by foreign vessels in the territorial sea except in the case of willful and serious act of pollution in the territorial sea. Id. art. 230. The official United States interpretation of Article 230 of UNCLOS states The United States understands that sections 6 and 7 of Part XII containing Art. 230 do not limit the authority of a State to impose penalties monetary or non-monetary for inter alia A non-pollution offenses such as false statements obstruction of justice and obstruction of government or judicial proceedings wherever they occur or B any violation of national laws and regulations or applicable international rules and standards for the prevention reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment that occurs while a foreign vessel is in any of its ports rivers harbors or offshore terminals. S. EXEC. REP. NO. 108-10 at 19-20 2004 emphasis added Record Excerpts of the United States Tab 6 see also United States President's Transmittal of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI to the U.S. Senate With Commentary Oct. 7 1994 34 I.L.M. 1393 1418 1995 Record Excerpts of the United States Tab 5 stating Article 230 applies only to vessel source pollution and then only when in or beyond the territorial sea . 91 Jho 534 F.3d at 405-10. 92 Id. at 409. 93 United States v. Ionia Mgmt. S.A. Nos. 07-5807-cr 08-1387-cr 2009 WL 116966 at *3-4 2d Cir. Jan. 20 2009 aff'g 498 F. Supp. 2d 477 D. Conn. 2007 . 94 Pub. L. No. 98-473 98 Stat. 1987 codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. section section 3551-3586 28 U.S.C. section section 991-998 2006 . 95 28 U.S.C. section section 991 b 994 2000 . 96 United States v. Booker 543 U.S. 220 264 2005 . 97 Rita v. United States 127 S. Ct. 2456 2462-63 2007 . 98 United States v. Gall 128 S. Ct. 586 594 596 2007 . 99 See U.S. DEP'T OF JUSTICE PROSECUTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CRIMES 254-55 3d ed. 2006 available at http // usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/ipmanual/ipma2006.pdf citing Memorandum from Christopher A. Wray Assistant Attorney Gen. United States Dep't of Justice on Guidance Regarding the Application of United States v. Booker and United States v. Fanfan 2005 WL 50108 Jan. 12 2005 to Pending Cases Jan. 19 2005 for the U.S. Justice Department's general position that "prosecutors should ... seek sentences within the guideline range ... because they are presumptively reasonable" . 100 See Jane Barrett Sentencing Environmental Crimes Under the Sentencing Guidelines A Sentencing Lottery 22 ENVTL. L. 1421 1422-24 1992 . 101 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section section 1B1.1 a 1B1.2. 102 Id. section 1B1.2. 103 Id. section 1B1.1 b . 104 Id. section 1B1.1 c . 105 Id. section 1B1.1 d . 106 Id. section section 1B1.1 e 3E1.1. 107 Id. section 5K1.1. 108 Id. section 1B1.1 f . 109 Id. section 1B1.1 g . 110 Id. at ch. 5 pt. A. 111 Id. section 5C1.1 f . 112 Id. section 5C1.1 d 2 cmt. n.4 B . 113 Id. section 5C1.1 c . 114 Id. section 5C1.1 b . 115 Id. section 2Q1.3 a . Section 2Q1.3 parallels section 2Q1.2 but applies to offenses involving substances that are not designated as hazardous or toxic. Id. section 2Q1.3 cmt. background. 116 Id. section 2Q1.3 b 2 cmt. n.5. There are no cases interpreting Specific Offense Characteristic under section 2Q1.3 b 2 of the Guidelines. For cases interpreting section 2Q1.2 b 2 see generally United States v. Thorne 446 F.3d 378 384 2d Cir. 2006 reversing the district court's refusal to impose a nine-level increase for Clean Air Act violations United States v. Williams 399 F.3d 450 453 2d Cir. 2005 discussing section 2Q1.3 b 2 in the context of Sixth Amendment protections United States v. Dillon 351 F.3d 1315 1318-19 10th Cir. 2003 upholding a nine-level increase for storing ignitable hazardous waste United States v. Thorne 317 F.3d 107 117-19 2d Cir. 2003 reversing the district court's decision not to impose a nine-level increase for Clean Air Act violations and United States v. Pearson 274 F.3d 1225 1235 9th Cir. 2001 upholding a nine-level enhancement for violating work safety standards in the removal and storage of asbestos . 117 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2Q1.3 b 3 . See United States v. Phillips 367 F.3d 846 857 9th Cir. 2004 cert. denied 543 U.S. 980 2004 reversing the district court's decision not to apply CERCLA-related cleanup expenses under section 2Q1.3 b 3 . 118 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2Q1.3 b 4 . See United States v. Ortiz 427 F.3d 1278 1284 10th Cir. 2005 reversing the district court's decision not to apply sentence enhancement after a jury finding of a discharge without a permit United States v. Cooper 173 F.3d 1192 1205-06 9th Cir. 1999 cert. denied 528 U.S. 1019 1999 upholding a four-level enhancement for a discharge without a permit United States v. Goldfaden 987 F.2d 225 227 5th Cir. 1993 upholding a four-point upward adjustment for a discharge without a permit . 119 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2Q1.3 app. n.7. See United States v. Rubenstein 403 F.3d 93 100-01 2d Cir. 2005 cert. denied 546 U.S. 876 2005 United States v. Chau 293 F.3d 96 101-03 3d Cir. 2002 discussing applicability of parallel Guideline enhancement at section 2Q1.2 b 4 . 120 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2Q1.3 b 1 A - B . 121 Section 2Q1.3 of the Guidelines also applies to crimes charged under a statute known as the Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 Ocean Dumping Act 33 U.S.C. section 1415 b 2000 . U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2Q1.3 cmt. Among other things the Ocean Dumping Act prohibits persons without permits from transporting materials from the United States for the purpose of dumping those materials into "ocean waters " and it contains criminal penalties for knowing violations of that prohibition. 33 U.S.C. section section 1411 a 1415 b 2000 see also Charles B. Anderson Ocean Dumping and the Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act 1 LOY. MAR. L.J. 79 83 99 2002 . Since "ocean waters" are defined as waters of the open seas lying seaward from the base line of the low water mark of the coast line the Act prohibits the dumping of waste materials transported from the United States to anywhere in the world. 33 U.S.C. section 1402 b 2000 . A "person" is defined to include "any" private person and any instrumentality of either the United States or a foreign government. Id. section 1402 e . Therefore violations of the Ocean Dumping Act would arguably qualify for the environmental discharge enhancement under section 2Q1.3 b 1 of the Guidelines. 122 See Ortiz 427 F.3d at 1285-86 holding that one conviction for a "knowing discharge" and a separate conviction for "negligent discharge" under the CWA "justifies application of the section 2Q1.3 b 1 A enhancement" for an ongoing continuous or repetitive discharge of a pollutant United States v. Kuhn 345 F.3d 431 439 6th Cir. 2003 agreeing that a discharge that "resulted from essentially a single incident that occurred over a day or two" was a "single discharge" not requiring application of the section 2Q1.3 b 1 A enhancement Cooper 173 F.3d at 1205 upholding application of the section 2Q1.3 b 1 A enhancement for the dumping of 425 truckloads of sewage sludge . 123 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2Q1.3 cmt. n.4. See United States v. Overholt 307 F.3d 1231 1257 10th Cir. 2002 United States v. Cunningham 194 F.3d 1186 1201-02 11th Cir. 1999 cert. denied 531 U.S. 831 2000 United States v. Freeman 30 F.3d 1040 1041 8th Cir. 1994 United States v. Goldfaden 959 F.2d 1324 1330-31 5th Cir. 1992 . 124 See United States v. White 270 F.3d 356 367-69 6th Cir. 2001 . For cases interpreting this issue under section 2Q1.2 b 1 of the Guidelines see United States v. Technic Services 314 F.3d 1031 1047-48 9th Cir. 2002 United States v. Ho 311 F.3d 589 608 5th Cir. 2002 discussing but not reaching the "interpretive question" of the meaning of "into the environment" Overholt 307 F.3d at 1256-57 and United States v. Ferrin 994 F.2d 658 662-64 9th Cir. 1993 . 125 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 3B1.1. "A 'participant' is a person who is criminally responsible for the commission of the offense but need not have been convicted." Id. section 3B1.1 cmt. n.1. Section 3B1.1 of the Guidelines "does not apply unless the criminal activity involved at least two criminally responsible 'participants.'" Ho 311 F.3d at 610 n.26. 126 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 3B1.1 a - c . 127 Id. section 3B1.3. 128 Id. See United States v. Kuhn 345 F.3d 431 437-38 6th Cir. 2003 discussing abuse of trust enhancement . 129 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 3C1.1 cmt. ns.4 c d g . The conduct does not include false statements not under oath that do not obstruct the investigation. Id. section 3C1.1 cmt. n.5 b . 130 It is unlikely that a supervisory engineer would qualify for the four-level increase since the Captain or Master of the vessel is ultimately responsible for all on board operations. See id. section 3B1.1 3B1.1 cmt. n.4. Even if there were fewer than five people directly involved with the falsification of the ORB a court could still find that the other crew members involved with the discharging of the oil waste in violation of MARPOL could be considered in finding that the criminal activity was "otherwise extensive " thereby meriting a three-level enhancement under section 3B1.1 b of the Guidelines. Application Note 3 of section 3 B1.1 states that all persons involved in the "entire course" of the offense are to be considered in determining whether the criminal activity was "otherwise extensive." See Ho 311 F.3d at 610-11 611 n.28 finding that a defendant convicted of violating various asbestos requirements under the Clean Air Act could be subject to a four-level enhancement under section 3B1.1 a even though he alone committed the unlawful acts because "these acts presuppose d the unlawful asbestos removal activity which involved more than five persons" . 131 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 3B1.3 3B1.3 cmt. n.1. The cases interpreting this Guideline although not completely consistent all seem to require that the defendant be in a position with enough responsibility discretion and trust in relation to the public or the government that his decisions could significantly and directly affect public health and safety. See Kuhn 345 F.3d at 437 government employee of wastewater treatment plant qualified for abuse of trust enhancement because "significant numbers of public depended on Kuhn to prevent or ameliorate water pollution in the area" United States v. Snook 366 F.3d 439 445-46 7th Cir. 2004 United States v. Technic Servs. Inc. 314 F.3d 1031 1049-51 9th Cir. 2002 United States v. In Ho Kim No. A02-0030-002-CR HRH judgment at 1-8 D. Alaska filed Aug. 14 2002 . In this case the court applied the two-level enhancement for the "abuse of trust " but the enhancement was applied specifically for the witness tampering charge under 18 U.S.C. section 1512 not the false ORB charge. Id. at 7. Whether or not a chief engineer on a foreign flagged vessel who dumped oily wastes into international waters and then falsified documents lied and took other actions to cover up these discharges from the Coast Guard would qualify for this enhancement might well hinge on the reasons for the waste dumping and the condition of the vessel when it came into U.S. port. As discussed earlier the Coast Guard has broad authority to detain or deny port entry to a vessel that poses a threat to U.S. ports or the marine environment. Therefore if for example the vessel was dumping oily wastes because of a hazardous or otherwise unsafe condition on board the vessel and the chief engineer attempted to hide these discharges and underlying conditions from the Coast Guard then the enhancement should apply. Of course one could always make the argument that a vessel that was dumping oily wastes to the oceans for whatever reason presents an unreasonable risk to U.S. ports and the marine environment. 132 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 3E1.1 a . 133 For example the second engineer of the M/T Kriton who was indicted along with Ionia Ship Management Company ultimately pled guilty in several districts to multiple violations of APPS for failing to maintain an accurate ORB. The Guideline calculation in the plea agreement was as follows a base level offense of six pursuant to section 2Q1.3 a a two-level enhancement for aggravating role under section 3B1.1 c a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice pursuant to section 3C.1.1 and a two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under section 3E1.1 a . This resulted in a final Guideline calculation of eight. Mr. Mercurio was sentenced by the judge to probation. United States v. Edgardo Mercurio No. 3 07-cr-00134-JBA D. Conn. filed Oct. 18 2007 . 134 Since the six-level enhancement results in a Guideline calculation of 17 the defendant would be eligible for a downward departure of three levels for acceptance of responsibility if he pled guilty and cooperated resulting in a final offense level of 14. U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 3E1.1 b . 135 United States v. Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 433 3d Cir. 2006 . 136 See id. Brief of Plaintiff-Appellee at 8 United States v. Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 3d Cir. 2006 No. 06-1215 . 137 Brief of Plaintiff-Appellee at 11 United States v. Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 3d Cir. 2006 No. 06-1215 . Shortly after the ship came into port in New Jersey Mr. Abrogar also ordered the crew to bring him the bypass pipe whereupon he threw it overboard. Id. at 10. Mr. Abrogar also ordered the crew to paint all areas where the pipe had been connected. Id. 138 Any offense that is punishable by death or incarceration for more than a year must be prosecuted by an Indictment that is returned by a federal grand jury. FED. R. CIV. P. 7 a 1 . A defendant however may waive this right to be prosecuted by Indictment and may be prosecuted by way of an Information filed by the United States Attorney's Office as long as the defendant waives this right in open court after being advised of the nature of the charge and of the defendant's rights. Id. at 7 b . 139 Abrogar 459 F.3d at 433. 140 Brief of Plaintiff-Appellee at 13 United States v. Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 3d Cir. 2006 No. 06-1215 . 141. Abrogar 459 F.3d at 431 431 n.1. 142 Id. at 434. 143 Id. 144 Id. at 431 n.1. 145 Id. at 434 U.S.S.G. supra note.7 section 1B1.1 cmt. n.1 H . 146 Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships 33 U.S.C. section 1908 a 2000 . 147 Id. section 1902 a 2000 amp Supp. II 2002 . 148 Abrogar 459 F.3d at 434-35. 149 Id. at 435 33 C.F.R. section section 151.09 151.25 2007 . 150 Abrogar 459 F.3d at 435. 151 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 1B1.3 a 1 . 152 Abrogar 459 F.3d at 436. 153 Id. 154 Id. 155 Id. 156 Id. at 436-37. 157 Id. at 437. 158 In fact the only cases cited by the court in its entire decision are in regard to the exercise of its appellate review of the district court's decision and the Guidelines. Id. at 433-34. 159 Id. at 437 alteration in original . 160 525 F. Supp. 2d 1058 S.D. Ind. 2007 . 161 See id. at 1059. The CWA makes it a crime to knowingly submit false reports to the government. Federal Water Pollution Control Act 33 U.S.C. section 1319 c 4 2000 . 162 Hagerman 525 F. Supp. 2d at 1063 emphasis added . 163 40 F.3d 544 2d Cir. 1994 . 164 Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 42 U.S.C. section 9603 b 2000 Liebman 40 F.3d at 546. 165 Liebman 40 F.3d at 546. 166 Id. at 547. 167 Id. at 54-47. 168 Id. at 551. 169 Id. 170 Id. 171 Id. at 552. 172 Id. 173 See Ortiz 427 F.3d 1278 1285-86 10th Cir. 2005 . In this case involving a negligent discharge of a pollutant the Tenth Circuit vacated the district court's sentence and remanded for re-sentencing with instructions to apply section 2Q1.3 b 1 A of the Guidelines to the sentence. Id. at 1286. 174 Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 435 3d Cir. 2006 . 175 Id. at 433. 176 33 C.F.R. section 151.25 d 2 - 3 2008 . 177 Abrogar 459 F.3d at 437. 178 MODEL PENAL CODE section 1.13 9 1985 . 179 Abrogar 459 F.3d at 433 436. 180 See id. at 436. 181 989 F.2d 347 351 9th Cir. 1993 . 182 Id. at 349. 183 Section 2T1.3 of the Guidelines was deleted by consolidation into section 2T1.1. 18 U.S.C.S. Appx. U.S.S.G. section 2T1.1 b 1 2008 . 184 Ford 989 F.2d at 349. 185 Id. at 350-51. 186 See. e.g. United States v. Bestfoods 524 U.S. 51 66 1998 applying a broad interpretation to an undefined term in CERCLA United States v. Iverson 162 F.3d 1015 1022 9th Cir. 1998 "When a statute does not define a term we generally interpret that term by employing the ordinary contemporary and common meaning of the words Congress used." . 187 270 F.3d 356 360 6th Cir. 2001 . 188 Id. 189 42 U.S.C. section section 300f-300j-18 2000 . 190 Section 2B1.1 of the Guidelines apply to violations of 18 U.S.C. section 1001. However the "crossover" provision of this Guideline states that another Guideline can be used "if more appropriate to the defendant's charged conduct." 18 U.S.C.S. Appx. U.S.S.G. section 2B1.1 cmt. n.15 2008 . 191 White 270 F.3d at 368. 192 Id. 193 Id. 194 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2Q1.2 cmt. background. 195 White 270 F.3d at 368-69. 196 See Safe Drinking Water Act 42 U.S.C. section 300h-2 b 2000 providing for criminal enforcement of willful violation of underground injection control programs id. section 300i-1 a - b 2000 amp Supp. IV 2004 providing for criminal penalties for any person who tampers with a public water system . 197 White 270 F.3d at 369-70. 198 Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships 33 U.S.C. section 1907 a 2000 . 199 Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 431-32 3d Cir. 2006 . See also supra note 45 and accompanying text discussing MARPOL . 200 Abrogar 459 F.3d at 437. 201 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 1B1.3 cmt. n.1 emphasis added . 202 129 F.3d 878 7th Cir. 1997 . 203 Id. at 878. 204 Id. at 879. 205 Id. 206 Id. 207 Id. 208 Id. at 881. 209 Id. at 882 see also United States v. Harvey 2 F.3d 1318 1330 3d Cir. 1993 stating sentencing Guideline applies when defendant sexually exploits children abroad in violation of 18 U.S.C. section 2552 but cf. United States v. Thomas 893 F.2d 1066 1068-69 9th Cir. 1990 holding that a child pornography law 18 U.S.C. section 2251 a applied to extraterritorial conduct . 210 Dawn 129 F.3d at 884. 211 Id. citing United States v. Watts 519 U.S. 148 153 1997 . 212 169 F.3d 1236 10th Cir. 1999 . 213 Id. at 1238-39. 214 285 F.3d 158 2d Cir. 2002 . 215 Id. at 162. 216 Id. at 179. 217 Id. 218 Id. citation omitted . The Second Circuit vacated the district court's decision and remanded the case for resentencing. Id. at 183. 219 For consistency purposes Application Note 5 of section 2Q1.2 would also be amended similarly for discharges of hazardous or toxic substances. 220 Once again for consistency purposes Application Note 1 of section 2Q1.2 would also need to be amended. 221 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2T1.1 cmt. n.3. 222 Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 431 n.1 3d Cir. 2006 . 223 Id. at 435 n.3. 224 Of course a district court in a different circuit is not bound to the holding in the Abrogar case and could make a contrary judgment without a more compelling set of facts or the Guidelines clarifications suggested above. On November 25 2008 a jury in the Southern District of Texas convicted the corporate operator chief engineer and first engineer of a foreign flagged vessel for using and maintaining a false ORB in violation of APPS and 18 U.S.C. section 1001. Verdict of the Jury at 1-2 United States v. Gen. Mar. Mgmt. Portugal L.D.A. Cr. No. C-08-393 S.D. Tex. filed Nov. 25 2008 Indictment at 1-7 United States v. Gen. Mar. Mgmt. Portugal L.D.A. Cr. No. C-08-393 S.D. Tex. filed June 12 2008 . Sentencing in this case is currently scheduled for February 10 2009 at which time the district court will have the opportunity to decide whether to apply the environmental discharge enhancements to the chief and first engineers. Sentencing Order at 1 United States v. Gen. Mar. Mgmt. Portugal L.D.A. Cr. No. C-08-393 S.D. Tex. filed Nov. 25 2008 . 225 Id. at 436. 226 Id. at 432. 227 Jho 534 F.3d 398 406 5th Cir. 2008 . 228 These statutes allow prosecution for False Statements 18 U.S.C. section section 1001-1040 Obstruction of Agency Proceedings 18 U.S.C. section 1505 and Falsification of Agency Records in Federal Investigations 18 U.S.C. section 1519. See discussion infra Parts V.A V.B.1 and V.B.2 respectively. 229 Chief engineers have also been charged and sentenced to jail time under 15 U.S.C. section 1512 for witness tampering when they instructed crew members on board foreign flagged vessels to lie to the Coast Guard about the illegal discharges of waste oil and use of bypass hoses. See e.g. United States v. In Ho Kim No. A02-0030-002-CR HRH D. Alaska filed Aug. 14 2002 sentencing the chief engineer of M/V Khana to 90 days in jail United States v. Je Yong Lee No. A02-0034-01-CR JKS D. Alaska filed Aug. 9 2002 sentencing the chief engineer of M/V Sohoh to four months in jail . 230 See Memorandum from John Ashcroft Attorney Gen. United States Dep't of Justice on Department Policy Concerning Charging Criminal Offenses Disposition of Charges and Sentencing to all Federal Prosecutors 2 Sept. 22 2003 "It is the policy of the Department of Justice that in all criminal cases federal prosecutors must charge and pursue the most serious readily provable offense or offenses that are supported by the facts of the case .... The most serious offense or offenses are those that generate the most substantial sentence under the Sentencing Guidelines ...." . 231 18 U.S.C. section section 1001-1040 2006 . 232 Specifically the government must prove that the defendant knew the writing or document contained a false fictitious or fraudulent entry at the time the defendant made the entry. See MANUAL OF MODEL CRIMINAL JURY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE DISTRICT COURTS OF THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT 6.18.1001C 2008 available at http // juryinstructions.ca8.uscourts.gov/crim_manual_2008_expanded-pdf FIFTH CIRCUIT CRIMINAL JURY INSTRUCTIONS 2.49 2001 available at http // lb5.uscourts.gov/ juryinstructions/crim2001.pdf. 233 The term "willfully" means the defendant acted voluntarily intentionally and with the intent to do something that the law forbids. See PATTERN CRIMINAL FEDERAL JURY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT 18 U.S.C. section 100 18 1999 available at http // ca7.uscourts.gov/Pattern_Jury_Instr/pjury.pdf CRIMINAL PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS 2.46.2 2005 available at http // ca10.uscourts.gov/downloads/pji10-cir-crim.pdf NINTH CIRCUIT MANUAL OF MODEL CRIMINAL JURY INSTRUCTIONS 8.66 and comment 2003 http //207.41.19.15/web/sdocuments.nsf/crim last visited Jan. 25 2009 . 234 18 U.S.C. section 1001 a 2006 . 235 Id. 236 United States v. Gaudin 515 U.S. 506 509 1995 citing Kungys v. United States 485 U.S. 759 770 1988 United States v. Shah 44 F.3d 285 288 n.4 5th Cir. 1995 citing United States v. Markham 537 F.2d 187 196 5th Cir. 1976 United States v. Johnson 937 F.2d 392 396 8th Cir. 1991 United States v. Hansen 772 F.2d 940 949 D.C. Cir. 1986 quoting United States v. Diggs 613 F.2d 988 999 D.C. Cir. 1979 . 237 See United States v. Kun Yun Jho 465 F. Supp. 2d 618 655 E.D. Tex. 2006 citing United States v. Puente 982 F.2d 156 159 5th Cir. 1993 "The statement may be material even if it is ignored or never read by the agency receiving the misstatement." rev'd on other grounds 534 F.3d 398 5th Cir. 2008 United States v. Rutgard 116 F.3d 1270 1287 9th Cir. 1997 stating that patient charts within doctor's office that were never reviewed by agency are still a violation of the law United States v. Frazier 53 F.3d 1105 1115 10th Cir. 1995 stating that the law does not require that defendant physically submit the false statement to the agency United States v. Richmond 700 F.2d 1183 1187 8th Cir. 1983 stating that it is not necessary that the false statement be presented directly to the agency United States v. Candella 487 F.2d 1223 1227 2d Cir. 1973 holding that a violation of 18 U.S.C. section 1001 does not require that the false statement actually be submitted to the agency only that it was contemplated that the statement would be utilized by the agency . 238 11 F. Supp. 2d 1358 S.D. Fla. 1998 . 239 Id. at 1362. See generally Shaun Gehan United States v. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. Use of Federal "False Statements Act" to Extend Jurisdiction over Polluting Incidents into Territorial Seas of Foreign States 7 OCEAN amp COASTAL L.J. 167 2001 discussing the case as a unique example of using a domestic law of general applicability to overcome jurisdictional hurdles in international conflict . 240 Royal Caribbean 11 F. Supp. 2d. at 1362. 241 Id. at 1364. 242 Id. at 1368 1370-71. 243 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2B1.1 c 3 . 244 Government's Sentencing Memorandum at 7 United States v. Chun Do Oh No. 3 02-cr-05646FDB W.D. Wash. Oct. 16 2002 . 245 United States v. Chun Do Oh No. 3 02-cr-05646-FDB judgment at l WD. Wash. filed Oct. 18 2002 . 246 See Government's Sentencing Memorandum at 9 United States v. Chun Do Oh No. 3 02-cr 05646-FDB W.D. Wash. filed Oct. 16 2002 . 247 Brief of Appellee at 12-13 United States v. Chun Do Oh No. 02-30350 9th Cir. Feb. 10 2003 . 248 ld. at 13. 249 United States v. Chun Do Oh No. 3 02-cr-05646-FDB judgment at 2 W.D. Wash. filed Oct. 18 2002 . 250 Defendant-Appellant's Opening Brief at 9 United States v. Chun Do Oh No. 02-30350 9th Cir. Jan. 9 2003 . 251 Abrogar 459 F.3d 430 437 3d Cir. 2006 "Here criminal liability under 33 U.S.C. section 1908 a is plainly limited by section 1902 and the regulations accompanying APPS." . 252 See ELEVENTH CIRCUIT PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS CRIMINAL CASES 36 2003 available at http // call.uscourts.gov/documents/jury/crimjury.pdf " A misrepresentation is material if it relates to an important fact as distinguished from some unimportant or trivial detail." . 253 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2B1 .l b 9 . 254 364 F.3d 45 2d Cir. 2004 . 255 Id. at 47. 256 Id. at 48. 257 Id. at 49-50 quoting the district court opinion . 258 Id. at 52. 259 Id. 260 U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 2J1.2. 261 Id. at ch. 5 pt. A. 262 Id. section 3E1.1 a . 263 Id. at ch. 5 pt. A. 264 18 U.S.C. section 1505 2006 . 265 Id. section 1515 b . 266 In United States v. Leo 941 F.2d 181 3d Cir. 1991 the Third Circuit upheld a conviction of a defendant who was under investigation by the United States Defense Contract Audit Agency for fraud involving defense contracts because he delayed an agency auditor's search for purchase order dates. In making its finding the court rejected the defendant's argument that " 18 U.S.C. section 1505 does not cover false statements made to a federal auditor" because the statements obstructed a proceeding Id. at 198-99. See also United States v. Schwartz 924 F.2d 410 422-23 2d Cir. 1991 involving false statements to United States Customs Service regarding illegal shipments of arms made by defendants that were being detained at Kennedy Airport United States v. Sullivan 618 F.2d 1290 1294-95 8th Cir. 1980 involving false statements to a compliance officer of the Labor Department regarding the veracity and accuracy of entries made in a strike expense journal required to be kept by the Landrum-Griffin Act United States v. Tallant 547 F.2d 1291 1293 1299 5th Cir. 1977 involving falsification and presentation of stockholder ledger records to investigators of the Securities and Exchange Commission SEC United States v. Fruchtman 421 F.2d 1019 1021 6th Cir. 1970 involving submission of false invoices to the Federal Trade Commission FTC . 267 See United States v. Senffner 280 F.3d 755 762 7th Cir. 2002 asserting that the government only must show that the conduct charged had the "natural and probable effect" of obstructing justice United States v. Sprecher 783 F. Supp. 133 163 S.D.N.Y. 1992 " I t is sufficient that the defendant has made an 'effort or essay to accomplish the evil purpose' outlawed by the statute ' quoting United States v. Buffalano 727 F.2d 50 53 2d Cir. 1984 United States v. Price 951 F.2d 1028 1031 9th Cir. 1991 . 268 355 F. Supp. 2d 1317 S.D. Fla. 2004 aff'd 454 F.3d 1265 11th Cir. 2006 . 269 Id. at 1328-29. See also United States v. Petraia Maritime Ltd. 483 F. Supp. 2d 34 39-40 D. Me. 2007 rejecting defendant's argument that there was no Coast Guard proceeding because under MARPOL the matter should have been referred to the flag state . Courts have consistently held that an agency's administrative investigation qualifies as a "proceeding" under 18 U.S.C. section 1505 where the proceeding is more than a "mere police investigation" in that the agency is imbued with administrative or adjudicative power. See Senffner 280 F.3d at 761 SEC investigation United States v. Kelley 36 F.3d 1118 1127 D.C. Cir. 1994 Office of Inspector General for the Agency for International Development investigation Leo 941 F.2d at 198-99 U.S. Defense Contract Audit Agency investigation Schwartz 924 F.2d at 423 U.S. Customs Service investigation Price 951 F.2d at 1031 U.S. Internal Revenue Service investigation United States v. Lewis 657 F.2d 44 45 4th Cir. 1981 cert. denied 454 U.S. 1086 1981 U.S. Internal Revenue Service investigation Sullivan 618 F.2d at 1294 Department of Labor investigation United States v. Browning 572 F.2d 720 723-24 10th Cir. 1978 U.S. Customs Service investigation Tallant 547 F.2d at 1299 SEC investigation Fruchtman 421 F.2d at 1021 FTC investigation . 270 United States v. Chang-Sig O No. 2 06-cr-00599-SDW D.N.J. filed Jan. 30 2007 . 271 Id. at 2. 272 United States v. Francisco M. Sabando Jr. No. 3 07-CR-391-001 GAG judgment at 2 D.P.R. filed Sept. 20 2007 . 273 Information at 3-4 United States v. Francisco M. Sabando Jr. No. 3 07-CR-391-001 GAG D.P.R. Sept. 20 2007 . 274 See Dana E. Hill Anticipatory Obstruction of Justice Pre-emptive Document Destruction Under" the Sarbanes-Oxley Anti-Shredding Statute 18 U.S.C. section 1519 89 CORNELL L. REV. 1519 1558 2004 . 275 Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability Act of 2002 18 U.S.C. section 1519 2006 . 276 See United States v. Kun Yun Jho 465 F. Supp. 2d 618 635-36 E.D. Tex. 2006 rejecting the defendant's argument that the government must prove that there was a "pending" investigation to prove a violation of 18 U.S.C. section 1519 . 277 498 F. Supp. 2d 477 D. Conn. 2007 aff'd Nos. 07-5807-cr 08-1357-cr 2009 WL 116966 2d Cir. Jan. 20 2009 . 278 Id. at 480. 279 Id. at 480-81 internal quotations omitted . 280 Id. at. at 482. 281 Id. at 483-87. 282 Id. at. 493. 283 Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 18 U.S.C. section 3553 a 2 A B 2006 provide that a sentence shall be sufficient to provide a just punishment for the offense and to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct. 284 See United States v. Ionia Management S.A. Nos. 07-5807-cr 08-1387-cr 2009 WL 116966 at *5 2d Cir. Jan. 20 2009 aff'g 498 F. Supp. 2d 477 D. Conn. 2007 holding that a corporate operator of a vessel can be liable for the criminal acts of its crew members acting within the scope of their employment even if the employees were not of management level and that a corporate compliance program does not immunize a corporation for the acts of its employees . 285 Section 8B1.3 of the Guidelines provides that community service may be ordered as a condition of probation where it is "reasonably designed to repair the harm caused by the offense." The introductory commentary to section 8B also provides that a community service order can be used to reduce the harm threatened or repair the harm when the harm or threatened harm would not otherwise be remedied. See generally James B. Nelson Alternative Sentencing Under the MARPOL Protocol Using Polluters' Fines to Fund Environmental Restoration 10 HASTINGS W.-NW. J. ENVTL. L. amp POL'Y 1 2003 discussing advantages of the community service fine provision under MARPOL . 286 See Gehan supra note 239 at 167 describing a total of $27 million in fines . 287 In 2007 Overseas Shipholding Group Inc. pled guilty to a multiple-count Information involving APPS charges and paid $37 million in criminal fines and community service payments. Plea Agreement at 7-13 United States v. Overseas Shipholding Group No. 1 06-cr-00065-TH C.D. Cal. filed Jan. 23 2007 . 288 In 2006 Wallenius Ship Management pled guilty to a seven-count Information charging it with conspiracy as well as multiple violations of APPS and 18 U.S.C. section 1001. The company paid a $5 million dollar fine and made a community service payment of $1.5 million dollars. Plea Agreement at 6 United States v. Wallenius Ship Mgmt. No. 2 06-cr-00213-JAG D.N.J. Mar. 22 2006 . 289 In 2008 National Navigation Company pied guilty to multiple count Informations filed in the District of Oregon Western District of Washington and Eastern District of Louisiana and agreed to pay a total monetary penalty of $7.25 million dollars. Plea Agreement at 2-5 7 United States v. Nat'l Navigation Co. No. 08-CR-154 D. Or. filed Apr. 29 2008 No. 08-5252 W.D. Wash. filed Apr. 29 2008 No. 08-81 E.D. La. filed Apr. 29 2008 . 290 In 2005 Evergreen International S.A. pied guilty to a 25-count Information in a multidistrict vessel case involving APPS as well as obstruction of justice and false statement charges paid a $15 million dollar criminal fine and made $10 million dollars in community service payments. United States v. Evergreen Int'l No. 2 05-cr-00238-TJH judgment at 1-3 C.D. Cal. filed Apr. 20 2005 . 291 Section 8B1.2 of the Guidelines provides that a remedial order may be imposed as a condition of probation to remedy the harm or eliminate or reduce the risk of future harm from the offense. This provision also authorizes trust funds to be created by the organization to address any expected harm. See also U.S.S.G. supra note 7 section 8D1.4 detailing list of additional recommended conditions of probation including publicizing nature of offense committed by organization punishment imposed and steps taken to prevent recurrence . 292 See e.g. Plea Agreement at 7-13 United States v. Overseas Shipholding Group No. l 06-cr00065-TH C.D. Cal. filed Jan. 23 2007 indicating Overseas Shipholding Group agreed to provide funding for environmental restoration projects in each of the five districts where offenses occurred . 293 See e.g. Plea Agreement at 4-6 United States v. Accord Ship Mgmt. Ltd. No. 3 07-cr-00390GAG D.P.R. filed Sept. 20 2007 banning Accord Ship Management vessels from the United States for three years . 294 United States v. Ionia Mgmt. S.A. No. 3 07-cr-00174-JBA D. Conn. filed Dec. 18 2007 . The $4.9 million fine imposed by the district court was upheld by the Second Circuit as "substantively reasonable." United States v. Ionia Mgmt. S.A. Nos. 07-5801-cr 08-1387-cr 2009 WL 116966 at *6 2d Cir. Jan. 20 2009 . 295 Press releases from the U.S. Department of Justice Environment and Natural Resources Division can be found at http // usdoj.gov/enrd/News.html last visited Jan. 24 2009 . 296 COST SAVINGS supra note 19 at 38. 297 See id. at 49 52 noting fines of $165 to $558 per day may not be seen as deterrence but as a cost of doing business Ken Olsen Someone Will Report Guidance for Crewmembers PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARINE SAFETY amp SEC. COUNCIL THE COAST GUARD J. OF SAFETY AT SEA Winter 2004-2005 at 48-49 stating that a ship crewmember should report a violation if he determines the master of vessel has made illegal discharges . 298 See U.S. DEP'T OF JUSTICE U.S. ATTORNEYS' MANUAL section 9-28.200 cmt.B http // usdoj.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/28mcrm.htm#FN1 last visited Jan. 25 2009 . 299 See Homer supra note 29 at 173 noting that "for foreign crew members detained in the United States after doing something they felt compelled to do any incarceration must seem unjust" . 300 For example MARPOL and APPS both have provisions requiring the notification of the Coast Guard and other port authorities whenever a discharge of oil from a vessel has occurred. See Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships 33 U.S.C. section 1906 2000 stating master of ship shall report discharge or presence of oil in manner prescribed by Article 4 of MARPOL 33 C.F.R. section 151.15 2007 stating master of vessel must report particulars of incident without delay to fullest extent possible MARPOL 73/78 supra note 44 at 27-29 laying out basic duty to report when reports need to made contents of report and reporting procedures . 301 See e.g. United States v. Chang-Sig O No. 2 06-cr-00599-SDW judgment at 3 D.N.J. filed Jan. 30 2007 prohibiting defendant from seeking employment as engineer or in any supervisory position aboard any ship or motor vessel that travels in navigable waters of the United States United States v. Francisco M. Sabando Jr. No. 3 07-CR-391-001 GAG judgment at 4 D.P.R. filed Sept. 20 2007 . DAVID P. KEHOE J.D. Willamette University School of Law 1991 B.A. Pomona College 1988. Mr. Kehoe is a Senior Trial Attorney with the U.S. Department of Justice Environmental Crimes Section. Any opinions expressed in this Article are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States or the Department of Justice. The author would like to thank his colleagues at the Department as well as the U.S. Coast Guard who reviewed this Article and provided reference material most notably Raymond Mushal Senior Counsel and Richard Udell Senior Trial Attorney U.S. Department of Justice Environmental Crimes Section and Ken Olsen Senior Marine Casualty Analyst U.S. Coast Guard Office of Investigations and Analysis. Finally I would like to thank my wife Sarah for reasons that greatly exceed the number of notes contained in this Article. COPYRIGHT 2009 Lewis Clark Northwestern School of Law No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder. Copyright 2009 Gale Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Reader Opinion Title Comment Article Details Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback Author Kehoe David P. Publication Environmental Law Date Jan 1 2009 Words 24990 Previous Article Postcard from the reality-based universe "wish you were all here " A meditation on the relationship between science intellectual property law and... Next Article Ecological realism and the need for a paradigm shift. Topics Criminal liability Laws regulations and rules Liability for oil pollution damages Laws regulations and rules Ocean waste disposal Laws regulations and rules Oil pollution Laws regulations and rules Waste disposal in the ocean Laws regulations and rules Publications by Name Publications by Date Authors Literature A-D E-O P-T U-Z before 1995 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010- A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Terms of use Copyright copy 2011 Farlex Inc. Feedback For webmasters Submit articles Featured Blogs What's Alan Watching Motion Captured Awards Campaign The Beat Goes On Follow Us Facebook Twitter RSS iPhone HitFix All More Options All Events Music TV Movies Sign In Register Logged in Logout My Account Home Event Calendar Movies Movie News Upcoming Movies Motion Captured Awards Campaign Movie Trailers Popular Movies TV TV News Recaps The Fien Print TV Clips Popular Shows Fantasy TV Leagues What's Alan Watching Starr Raving Music Music News The Beat Goes On Immaculate Noise Popular Artists Videos Movie Trailers Interviews Movie Clips TV Clips Music Videos Behind The Scenes Photos In Theaters New to DVD TV Listings New Music Blogs What's Alan Watching Motion Captured Awards Campaign The Beat Goes On The Fien Print Starr Raving Immaculate Noise Today's Latest Headlines movies Ryan Gosling Christina Hendricks roll into 'Drive' premiere music Britney Spears' 'I Wanna Go' video to sneak on Bravo Sunday night movies Review Superb direction and stellar ensemble make 'Drive' a must-see tv 'American Idol' auditions to kick off in St. Louis movies Box Office 'Green Lantern' lights a fire with a $21.6 million Friday tv If I had an Emmy ballot 2011 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy movies 10 stories you might have missed Is this our first look at 'The Avengers' tv Emmy Nomination Preview 2011 - Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Previous Next Inside Television with Alan Sepinwall Facebook Twitter RSS Google MSN Yahoo 'United States of Tara' - 'To Have and To Hold' Meeting Miss Mimi Tara and Charmaine get a big piece of the puzzle. By Alan Sepinwall Monday May 31 2010 11 00 PM Tweet Share Email Comments 25 Neil Patton Oswalt has some news on quot United States of Tara. quot Credit Showtime A quick review of the penultimate quot United States of Tara quot of season two coming up just as soon as I remove gluten from my diet... quot Don't forget to be yourself. quot -Tara And now we are very close to an answer. After the middle portion of the season focused heavily on Tara's attempt to establish a stronger identity for herself and the stress it put on her marriage we've returned to the mystery of what caused her DID and to the alters in a big way in the home stretch. quot To Have and To Hold quot offered a huge piece of the puzzle by explaining that Mimi was Tara and Charmaine's foster mother after they were removed from what was apparently a very abusive home. It brought back T for the first time all season and introduced us to yet another alter in the child-like Chicken. * * All of the alters seem to be defense mechanisms in different ways but Chicken is odd in that she protects Tara from emotionally experiencing whatever is happening but needs physical protection otherwise whereas the others can stand up for themselves. And Buck can deliver a pretty good beating as we saw last week. Someone expressed concern last week that if Tara found the cause of the DID the show would come to an end. Really though unlocking that mystery is only one small step on a much longer road to mental wholeness for the character. If/when she finds out who was abusing her at home Buck and the others won't simply disappear. Her psyche is still fractured and the alters will still come out and cause trouble at the wrong moments. And in the immediate future there's still the matter of Charmaine's wedding - and the inevitable confrontation with their parents - to deal with in the finale. Some other thoughts Marshall's story this season has been about him becoming more comfortable with his sexual identity and so it feels appropriate and sweet that he and Lionel should manage to meet in the middle and realize they like each other. Personality-wise this doesn't seem like a long-term kind of relationship but hopefully it will go better than Marshall's dalliance with the football stud. Toni Collette gets the flashy stuff here again with the introduction of Chicken and the eruption of T but Rosemarie DeWitt is just as good with the smaller material here showing Charmaine finally mostly coming to grips with the reality and necessity of Tara's condition. She wants her sister back for the wedding but she no longer seems like she's going to act like Tara's faking. I had forgotten that Buck had his own motorcycle which makes me wonder how well landscaping pays that the family could afford to buy something so expensive for one of Tara's alters. What did everybody else think Related Searches Alan Sepinwall United States of Tara Send to your friends Direct link http //tinyurl /3yw2w5d 'United States of Tara' - 'To Have and To Hold' Meeting Miss Mimi Close First Name Last Name Your Email To Use commas for multiple addresses Message Optional Cancel Share this Post on ... Direct link http //tinyurl /3yw2w5d 'United States of Tara' - 'To Have and To Hold' Meeting Miss Mimi Close Facebook Twitter Reddit Digg MySpace Delicious StumbleUpon Buzz Up Mixx Google Bookmarks Okay You Might Also Like Cap takes on Red Skull in new 'Captain America' images Jamie Bamber Talks 'Battlestar Galactica ' 'Outcasts' and 'Law Order UK' AOL TV Watch Britney Spears wows audience in 'Femme Fatale' tour opener Pictures Hot celebrity dads for Father's Day Zap2it Comments Write a comment... You are logged in You are connected to Facebook. Logout Option 1 Comment instantly as a guest Guest Option 2 Option 3 Login or create a HitFix account Login Signup Kayvan Alan I hate to be off-topic but did you have nothing to say about the latest Dr Who June 1 2010 at 12 35AM EST Reply to Comment sepinwall BBC America didn't show a new episode because of the holiday weekend. Next new one airs Saturday. June 1 2010 at 7 09AM EST This show does a great job of not going where viewers expect it go. I just hope they don't go there with the seemingly inevitable sexual abuse route. Love this show The whole cast is amazing and writing is consistently engaging sometimes brilliant. June 1 2010 at 1 29AM EST Reply to Comment Portia They could use some other traumatic experience s as the impetus for Tara's splitting as the the primary cause of DID is severe and prolonged trauma experienced childhood whether from emotional physical or sexual abuse or some combination. However I believe 90% of people exhibiting DID experienced sexual abuse specifically so it's not just viewers' guess it's realistically likely to have been a factor if not the factor. But hey this is is TV—they could come up with any number of realistic or not explanations for Tara's condition. And there's no "worries" about finding the traumatic event/abusers because 50% of DID patients have less than 11 alters... meaning USoT could keep coming up with new identities for a very long time. Plus integration or co-consciousness can take up to a lifetime. And as another patient mentioned about herself when Tara was an in-patient at the hospital some people can achieve integration and then lose it. It's a very serious topic which offers innumerable zany opportunities for the writers...no doubt why they chose it and why it's such a great premise for a show...on "multiple" levels June 1 2010 at 5 59AM EST JWIII I'd think it'd be wrong for them to not go the sexual route. As Portia said the majority is a result of sexual abuse. June 2 2010 at 1 41AM EST DID_Student I agree. It is almost necessary to go the sexual abuse route. Unless they want to offend the Dissociative Identity Disorder community. The huge majority in the western world are impacted by severe repetitive sexual physical and verbal abuse from which there is no escape. Often incest. And frequently maternal incest. Peace. June 3 2010 at 12 07AM EST DID_Student I wholeheartedly agree. If they did not attribute it to sexual abuse they might offend the entire DID community. The vast majority of DID sufferers in the western world have experienced cruel relentless and long term physical sexual and verbal abuse. Often it is incest. And frequently - maternal incest. Everyone thinks it is the father. I would not be the least bit surprised if it were the mother . Peace. June 3 2010 at 12 11AM EST aforkosh What if the people Beverly and Frank who Tara and Charmaine know as their parents are really their adoptive parents following Mimi We'd still have another level to go. Has there been any evidence that Beverly and Frank are biologically related to Tara and Charmaine June 1 2010 at 2 28AM EST Reply to Comment Portia This was actually my very first thought. June 2 2010 at 5 54AM EST Kitty M Ooh I did think last night about how Beverly talked about not breastfeeding last week - which could fit with the adoption thing but the way she framed it seemed like she could have done so but chose not to. This could be easily explained away but at the time it worked to suggest Tara was with Beverly as a baby. So perhaps they are not adopted after all. June 2 2010 at 8 24AM EST froggytuff They like this June 1 2010 at 10 11AM EST Reply to Comment Quise So I'm curious if anyone knows just how much of Tara and Charmaine's legal history would be available to them assuming real life conditions Would they be allowed to view family court records considering that the records are about themselves I like aforkosh's idea that Beverly and Frank might not even be their biological parents. They could even be the _second_ set of adoptive parents if Tara and Charmaine were removed from an abusive adoptive family. I can't find much to relate to in Marshall's story I'm not seeming how it relates dramatically except for the tenuous concept that I guess he's seeking some sort of stable relationship that he lacks in his family but looking in all the wrong places and Kate's story has gotten completely absurd meets a rich dude online who promises to buy her a condo...perhaps Kate is suffering delusions June 1 2010 at 10 19AM EST Reply to Comment JWIII I half expect Kate to get murdered by the rich dude. He creeps me out. As for Marshall he's a character in the show. He's just doing his thing. How is he looking for it in all the wrong places June 2 2010 at 1 42AM EST LJA I was confused by the scene when Mimi's husband showed up. Both Tara and Charmaine recoiled from him immediately upon seeing him but he and Mimi dated the year as 1976 and his confusion seemed authentic as did Mimi confirming that he wasn't there in '76. Nevertheless Tara morphed into T. Did I miss something I am completely uninterested in Kate at this point. June 1 2010 at 2 02PM EST Reply to Comment M Unless Tara turns out to have been abused by Princess Valhalla Hawkwind I'm really not sure what the point of any of that storyline was or why Viola Davis agreed to take the part. June 1 2010 at 2 23PM EST Mike W I wondered that myself June 1 2010 at 3 23PM EST Hutch I was confused as well. Kate's storyline needs to be put out of it's misery. June 2 2010 at 12 58AM EST Kitty M I think that might have been me with the concerns about finding the root cause of the DID. The reason I feel that the show as I experience it would be over if all were revealed is it is the quest to solve that particular mystery that has driven the narrative arc for me. The alter appearances are brilliant and of course integral to the show although the same may not apply to Kate's increasingly oddball storylines but I have primarily been following that main thread as it unravels. So discovery would be a new step in the plot I feel but I would nevertheless be really interested to see what they would do with the show/Tara's many selves once/if everyone gains the knowledge of the DID trigger. I do find it interesting that each answer raises more questions though like those from others in these comments about a whether the Craines sp adopted Tara and Charmaine b who Dwayne is why T knows him why Charmie also seems instantly uncomfortable around him and how/when they can/could have know/n him if he wasn't with Mimi in 1976. You say Alan that we are now close to an answer. I'm not convinced we are yet. We have one answer yes but like the end of last season many more questions. There is sure to be a showdown at the wedding poor Charmaine but it would fit with the pattern if they leave something major hanging in order to provide a new line of investigation next season. Perhaps I will be proved wrong. And I am dying to know what happened so that wouldn't be a bad thing in my opinion. Can it really just be that the girls were abused in their first home went to foster care then were adopted Wait no it's not just that is it There's the whole Dwayne mystery - unless he is their real Dad and abuser - but that would be odd for T to be aware of him if Tara was so young at the time I can't imagine a 5 year old having a 15 year old alter - is that possible What did others think of Chicken as an alter Apart from adorable. I thought they might ask her some questions about the abuse as I assumed she might have some special fresh insight unless she is a part of Tara that existed before any abuse occured. Was Chicken since it was Tara's 'nickname' always an alter And if she is not a pre-abuse alter might she know anything about the abuse itself since it could be more recent in her memory I know that doesn't really make sense since Chicken the alter is as far removed temporally from the abuse as everyone else but I kind of thought of her as having the thoughts and memories of Tara at that age so the memories would be as-though-recent if you see what I mean... And also what did people think of that performance from Collette It's so hard for adults to play convincing children and I thought she was alright but that she did less physically to sell herself as a five year old than she does with other alters. Perhaps the stillness was a part of the characterisation but it felt as though she relied on her voice a little too much to convey the young age of the alter when she might have done more with her body and face. How cute was 'I seeping' though Oh sad times how long do we have to wait for next season June 1 2010 at 6 23PM EST Reply to Comment JWIII There's still one more episode this season. June 2 2010 at 1 46AM EST Kitty M I know but after that there is one big looming gap. Sigh June 2 2010 at 8 25AM EST DID_Student Hi Actually I love Toni Collette but I did want to comment that I thought Chicken was her worst acted character. Anyway you are right. Littles younger child parts can be completely "stuck in time" and sometimes even think they are still in the abusive environment and have no idea what year it is so it is entirely possible that she holding different memories experiences and feelings would hold entirely different and 'new' information than the other alters. Peace. June 3 2010 at 12 06AM EST KittyM Oh I love Toni Collette as well so I kind of felt bad for saying Chicken wasn't the most awesomest display of acting ever. I think it's just that Collette's usually so exceptional that when she's just plain good it looks bad in comparison... Anyway thanks for confirming my suspicions about Chicken and her potential to be 'stuck in time' and thus have better access to memories of the abuse. Also I find it very interesting that you say it is typically maternal abuse that triggers DID. I wonder if they will dare go down that route with the mother that we know on the show. I feel like they would want it to be someone we don't know as having an actual child abuser in the form of Beverly might be a bit much even for Showtime. It would just be so difficult to deal with I think that they might have it be someone we never get to meet. Peace to you also... June 4 2010 at 9 21AM EST LarryC Alan wrote ".... which makes me wonder how well landscaping pays that the family could afford to buy something so expensive for one of Tara's alters." Ok I'm reading way too much between the lines but perhaps Tara receives some sort of government disability due to her condition. She is unable to hold down a job right June 2 2010 at 4 53PM EST Reply to Comment Maggie I think I missed a mention of Buck's motorcycle but I did hear Chicken say something about "Buck's bike." My assumption was that she was referring to a child's bike and that Buck was a child at the time. Is it possible that the alter Buck was out and a child Or is there another real-life Buck we haven't met yet who the alter Buck was modeled on June 3 2010 at 8 21AM EST Reply to Comment Jay Chicken doesn't say "Buck's bike"...she says "I don't want to ride a tricycle I want to ride a big girl bike." T transitions to Chicken when Mimi mentions the Bicentennial parade...and remember in Tara's memory she and Charmaine and riding in the parade...Tara is riding a bike and Charmaine a tricycle. February 25 2011 at 4 44PM EST News From Our Partners Tom Hanks Working With ‘Formidable’ Julia Roberts ‘Raises Your Game’ Rosanna Arquette Set To Marry For The Fourth Time ‘Glee’ Co-Creator Ryan Murphy Engaged 'Mr. Popper's Penguins' Review Ace Ventura + Farting Penguins = Family Fun New 'Captain America' Photos Feature Red Skull Today on indieWIRE Richard Linklater in L.A. amp More 'Drop Dead Diva' premiere The cast dishes on the opening number plus watch a sneak peek 'Game of Thrones' Can the finale top last week's shocker 'Falling Skies' Moon Bloodgood on the appeal of sci-fi and playing 'cerebral' Weekly Ketchup Steven Spielberg Returning to Jurassic Park Marvel Movie Madness Part 18 Punisher War Zone Critics Consensus It's Not Easy Being Green Lantern About This Blog All through his childhood Alan Sepinwall's relatives told his parents "All that boy does is watch television How's he going to make a living doing that " His career as a TV critic has been 15 years and counting of his attempt to answer their concerns. "What's Alan Watching" is a blog whose title is self-explanatory Alan watches TV shows then writes about what he watched. Follow RSS Facebook Follow @sepinwall Get Instant Alerts on What's Alan Watching Sign Up #9658 ALAN'S TOP TV PICKS Sat June 18 Sun June 19 Sun June 19 Sun June 19 Mon June 20 Tue June 21 Thu June 23 Must Watch The Inbetweeners The British comedy is back for a new season. Must Watch Game of Thrones The season ends tonight. Must Watch The Killing The season is ending this very night. Must Watch Falling Skies TNT's alien invasion series premieres. Must Watch The United States of Tara The series ends tonight. Must Watch Combat Hospital This new drama follows a hospital in Afghanistan in 2006. Must Watch Wilfred FX premieres its new comedy tonight. 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More Recaps Burn Notice View Recaps 'Burn Notice The Fall of Same Axe' And the rise of Chuck Finley What did everybody think of the prequel movie Review Bruce Campbell solos in USA's 'Burn Notice The Fall of Sam Axe' Prequel film doesn't live up to the potential 'Burn Notice' - 'Out of the Fire/Last Stand' The spy who came out from the heat Tim Matheson Jay Karnes and other old friends return as season 4 closes out in very strong fashion 'Burn Notice' - 'Hot Property' It takes a thief Callie Thorne returns to cause more trouble for Michael and Fi More Recaps Chuck View Recaps 'Chuck' - 'Chuck vs. the Cliffhanger' Saving Sarah The season - but thankfully not the series - ends on a high note 'Chuck' - 'Chuck vs. the Last Details' Chuck Bartowski's day off Chuck's torn between his mom and fiancee in a season four highlight 'Chuck' - 'Chuck vs. Agent X' Vecas baby Vecas Chuck's bachelor party is disrupted by big news on the Volkoff front 'Chuck' - 'Chuck vs. the Wedding Planner' Father of the bride Gary Cole returns to help Chuck and Sarah undo a con job More Recaps Community View Recaps 'Community' - 'For a Few Paintballs More' A new hope The 'Star Wars' references fly as fast as the paintballs in the season finale 'Community' - 'A Fistful of Paintballs' The good the bad and the Pierce Alison Brie and guest star Josh Holloway help carry the "Modern Warfare" sequel 'Community' - 'Paradigms of Human Memory' Remember the time A clever hilarious parody of sitcom clip shows - and 'Community' season 2 itself 'Community' - 'Competitive Wine Tasting' Who's the boss Pierce finds love Britta finds hidden depth in Troy and Abed solves a sitcom secret More Recaps Conan O'Brien View Recaps Review 'Conan' debuts on TBS Conan O'Brien's basic cable premiere was a very familiar middle-of-the-pack episode of a Conan talk show More Recaps Cougar Town View Recaps 'Cougar Town' - 'Something Good Coming' The Hawaii way The gang goes on vacation for a terrific one-hour season finale 'Cougar Town' - 'Free Fallin' Attack of the chalk children Bobby finds a Penny Can buyer and Jules tries to get tough with Travis 'Cougar Town' - 'Damaged By Love' Rollerskate skinny Ken Jenkins returns and Nia Vardalos flirts too much with Andy 'Cougar Town' - 'Lonesome Sundown' Kirsten vs. the ring Travis has a question to ask and Laurie wants the crew to police themselves More Recaps Deadwood View Recaps 'Deadwood' Rewind Season 1 Episode 3 'Reconnoitering the Rim' Veterans edition Al ponders the idea of trust while Wild Bill gets mad 'Deadwood' Rewind Season 1 Episode 3 'Reconnoitering the Rim' Newbies edition Al ponders the idea of trust while Wild Bill gets mad 'Deadwood' Rewind Season 1 Episode 2 'Deep Water' Veterans edition Al and Doc go to war over the fate of the little girl 'Deadwood' Rewind Season 1 Episode 2 'Deep Water' Newbies edition Al and Doc go to war over the fate of the little girl More Recaps Doctor Who View Recaps 'Doctor Who' - 'A Good Man Goes to War' Are you my mommy The Doctor tries to reunite Amy Rory and their baby in the exciting mid-season finale 'Doctor Who' - 'The Rebel Flesh' What is life Clones develop minds of their own in the first half of a two-parter 'Doctor Who' - 'The Doctor's Wife' Neil Gaiman brings good things to life The 'Sandman' scribe pens a memorable tribute to the Doctor's longest-serving companion 'Doctor Who' - 'The Curse of the Black Spot' Yo ho ho The Doctor Amy and Rory sail the high seas on a pirate ship More Recaps Fall TV Preview View Recaps Review NBC's 'Law Order Los Angeles' A new coast but a familiar and somewhat tired formula Review ABC's 'No Ordinary Family' Michael Chiklis and Julie Benz offer fun superheroics but the family part needs tweaking Review ABC's 'My Generation' A leaden predictable faux-documentary drama Review NBC's 'Outsourced' For this NBC shelved 'Parks and Rec' More Recaps Firefly View Recaps 'Firefly' Rewind - 'Serenity' the motion picture A Browncoat-created miracle of a film 'Firefly' Rewind - Episode 14 'Objects in Space' Joss Whedon writes and directs the series' last - and strangest - episode 'Firefly' Rewind - Episode 13 'Heart of Gold' Inara recruits Mal to protect the best little whorehouse on the rim 'Firefly' Rewind - Episode 12 'The Message' Zoe and Mal get an unexpected delivery from an old war buddy More Recaps Friday Night Lights View Recaps 'Friday Night Lights' - 'Gut Check' The substitute Very little goes according to plan as we head into the final season's home stretch 'Friday Night Lights' - 'Fracture' Lies damn lies and tiaras It's getting ugly for the Lions and their friends and family in a riveting episode 'Friday Night Lights' - 'Perfect Record' Bitter rivals Things seem perfect for Eric and Vince - a little too perfect - as the Lions prepare for the Panthers game 'Friday Night Lights' - 'Swerve' Is this the little girl I carried Julie and Vince both have big problems but only one of their stories really works this week More Recaps Fringe View Recaps 'Fringe' - 'The Day We Died' Back and forth and back again Peter wakes up in the future in a disappointing season finale Reminder 'Fringe' makes a confident Friday arrival Christopher Lloyd guests in strong first episode in new timeslot Review Checking in on a strong 'Fringe' season What happens if/when the two Olivias are returned to their proper universes 'Fringe' - 'The Abducted' The Candyman can A self-aware Olivia tries to help Alt-Broyles on the way home More Recaps Game of Thrones View Recaps 'Game of Thrones' - 'Baelor' Get your head in the game Ned prepares to stand trial as the war heats up 'Game of Thrones' - 'Baelor' Get your head in the game Ned prepares to stand trial as the war heats up 'Game of Thrones' - 'The Pointy End' Family feud George R.R. Martin scripts an episode setting up pieces for the closing chapters 'Game of Thrones' - 'The Pointy End' Family feud George R.R. Martin scripts an episode setting up pieces for the closing chapters More Recaps Glee View Recaps 'Glee' - 'Silly Love Songs' Pretty young things The post-post-Super Bowl episode is a better showcase than Sunday's 'Glee' - 'Audition' New voices same old direction The club auditions new members and the new football coach causes headaches for Sue and Mr. Schue 'Glee' - 'Journey' I'm just a poor boy nobody loves me New Directions heads to regionals for another showdown with Vocal Adrenaline in the season finale. More Recaps How I Met Your Mother View Recaps 'How I Met Your Mother' - 'Challenge Accepted' Don't make me puke A bumpy season comes to a bumpy end 'How I Met Your Mother' - 'Landmarks' How I hate your Zoey Ted and Zoey's relationship reaches a breaking point in a terrible episode 'How I Met Your Mother' - 'The Perfect Cocktail' Drunk trialing Some amusing Robin/Lily stuff but when will Zoey go away 'How I Met Your Mother' - 'Hopeless' Crazy Jerry's vices are insaaaaaane John Lithgow returns and Robin tries to reconnect with a crush More Recaps In Treatment View Recaps 'In Treatment' Week seven in review A lot of unhappy endings to season three 'In Treatment' Week six in review The sessions get ugly in the season's penultimate week 'In Treatment' Week five in review A rough week for Paul and his patients but a good one for the cast 'In Treatment' Week four in review The season's midway point brings a lot of potential breakthroughs More Recaps Justified View Recaps Season finale review 'Justified' - 'Bloody Harlan' Raylan and Mags have one final confrontation in a fantastic finale 'Justified' - 'Reckoning' The grieving gunslinger Raylan hunts for Dickie in a sensational episode 'Justified' - 'Full Commitment' Ducking out Raylan goes rogue while Boyd and Dickie square off in another tense episode 'Justified' - 'Debts and Accounts' Corporate restructuring Alliances are forged as the season barrels into the home stretch More Recaps Lights Out View Recaps 'Lights Out' - 'War' Reviewing the series finale Lights and Death Row square off in an unplanned but satisfying ending 'Lights Out' - 'Sucker Punch' Mama said knock you out On the eve of the championship fight Lights' mom comes home 'Lights Out' - 'Rainmaker' As it is written... David Morse turns in a great guest performance as another ex-champ 'Lights Out' - 'Cut Men' Street-fighting men Lights and the show try to move on without Ed Romeo More Recaps Lost View Recaps Review The 'Lost' finale a year later How you feeling in the other life brotha 'Lost' - 'The New Man in Charge' You guys have a DVD player Does the DVD epilogue live up to expectations 'Lost' - 'The End' A re-review How does the controversial series finale hold up a month later 'Lost' - 'The End' See you in the other life brother The series finale satisfies on its own but does it work as the conclusion to the last six years More Recaps Louie View Recaps 'Louie' - 'Gym/Night Out' Here stands a man A bunch of familiar faces return for the two-part season finale 'Louie' - 'God' If I had a hammer The Tooth Fairy offers young Louie a lesson in religion 'Louie' - 'Dentist/Tarese' Yes he has no bananas Stephen Root gives Louie some gas 'Louie' - 'Bully' War huh What is it good for The show goes dark as Louie is humiliated on a first date More Recaps Mad Men View Recaps 'Mad Men' - 'Tomorrowland' I spill your milkshake Everyone's looking for a fresh start in the season finale 'Mad Men' - 'Blowing Smoke' Here's a letter to the New York Times Don tries to apply lessons from his love life to his work life 'Mad Men' - 'Chinese Wall' All work and no play Family time gets sacrificed for the new SCDP crisis 'Mad Men' - 'Hands and Knees' Do you want to know a secret Another Jon Hamm masterpiece as Don's lies threaten to catch up to him More Recaps Men of a Certain Age View Recaps 'Men of a Certain Age' - 'A League of Their Owen' Stealing second A softball game provides the setting for a series highpoint 'Men of a Certain Age' - 'The Pickup' Will it go round in circles Joe and Terry both backslide into bad old patterns 'Men of a Certain Age' - 'The Great Escape' Tonight you're mine The guys' evenings all begin with great promise in the mid-season premiere Review TNT's 'Men of a Certain Age' resumes season 2 Focus on the little things still works for Ray Romano and company More Recaps Modern Family View Recaps 'Modern Family' - 'The One That Got Away' Birthday magic The uneven second season closes on an effectively sweet episode 'Modern Family' - 'See You Next Fall' Big man fall down go boom It's a struggle to get to Alex's graduation in another strong episode 'Modern Family' - 'Mother's Day' Big boys don't cry A childhood memory sparks a surprising response for Jay 'Modern Family' - 'Someone to Watch Over Lily' Keep yourself alive Paint cans pierced ears and a rock-climbing wall figure into one of the season's best episodes More Recaps Parenthood View Recaps 'Parenthood' - 'Hard Times Come Again No More' The play's the thing Lots of laughter and tears in the season 2 finale 'Parenthood' - 'Slipping Away' The Talk too Sarah and Adam struggle with their daughters growing up but in very different ways 'Parenthood' - 'New Plan' April in Paris Several Bravermans try new approaches to old problems 'Parenthood' - 'Taking the Leap' Safety schools Richard Dreyfuss and Minka Kelly stop by to offer some advice to the Bravermans More Recaps Parks and Recreation View Recaps 'Parks and Recreation' - 'The Bubble/Li'l Sebastian' Give a little swivel Ben and Leslie struggle to keep their affair a secret in the hilarious two-part finale 'Parks and Recreation' - 'The Fight/Road Trip' Know ya booze A terrific double feature as Leslie fights both Ann and her attraction to Ben 'Parks and Recreation' - 'Eagleton' A tale of two cities Parker Posey stops by as Leslie's frenemy from the next town over 'Parks and Recreation' - 'Jerry's Painting' Centaur of attention A questionable piece of art catches Leslie's fancy and Ben gets new roommates More Recaps Rubicon View Recaps 'Rubicon' - 'You Can Never Win' Meet me at Bethesda Fountain The conspiracy story reaches an unsatisfying conclusion even if the show around it is great 'Rubicon' - 'Wayward Sons' Tied to the whipping post All hands on deck as API tries to find Kateb 'Rubicon' - 'A Good Day's Work' The conscience of the king Will reaches a conclusion but we still have plenty of action to go 'Rubicon' - 'In Whom We Trust' Under the bridge downtown Will and Katherine finally team up More Recaps Saturday Night Live View Recaps Saturday Night Live Betty White and friends rock Studio 8H The 'Golden Girl' alum Tina Fey Amy Poehler and others led to the best episode in months More Recaps Sons of Anarchy View Recaps 'Sons of Anarchy' - 'NS' Today I settle all family business A weak season comes to a strong end as Jax tries to solve the Jimmy O. problem 'Sons of Anarchy' - 'June Wedding' Oh so Charming The show down-shifts as the club returns from Belfast 'Sons of Anarchy' - 'Bainne' Dead man talking The search for Abel reaches a climax as Jax makes a tough decision and then an easy one 'Sons of Anarchy' - 'Firinne' Sins of the Sons As the Sons' time in Belfast approaches its end is that story finally taking on life More Recaps Survivor View Recaps Does 'Survivor' have a Russell addiction Even with his popularity is 3 appearances in 4 seasons too much Firewall Iceberg Podcast episode 46 'Glory Daze ' 'Backwash ' 'Human Target ' reality TV more A packed episode climaxes with Dan and Alan again singing the praises of FX's 'Terriers' More Recaps TCA Press Tour View Recaps 'The Office' - 'Threat Level Midnight' With a little help from my friends Michael's brings glimpses of Dunder-Mifflin employees past and present 'The Office' - 'Threat Level Midnight' With a little help from my friends Michael's brings glimpses of Dunder-Mifflin employees past and present 'The Office' - 'The Search' Up on the roof Does the end justify a meandering episode 'The Office' - 'The Search' Up on the roof Does the end justify a meandering episode More Recaps Terriers View Recaps 'Terriers' - 'Hail Mary' The big finish Underdog private eye drama ends its superb first season on a high note Exclusive A message from the 'Terriers' creative team A thank you from the writers as well as suggestions on how to help the finale do well 'Terriers' - 'Quid Pro Quo' House of cards Hank and Britt get in deeper and deeper in the first season's wild penultimate episode 'Terriers' - 'Sins of the Past' When Hank-y met Britt-y A dark and powerful flashback episode shows the beginning of the end of Hank's job and marriage More Recaps The Amazing Race View Recaps Firewall Iceberg Podcast episode 46 'Glory Daze ' 'Backwash ' 'Human Target ' reality TV more A packed episode climaxes with Dan and Alan again singing the praises of FX's 'Terriers' More Recaps The Big Bang Theory View Recaps 'The Big Bang Theory' - 'The Roommate Transmogrification' Trading places Hilarity ensues when Leonard and Raj swap apartments 'The Big Bang Theory' - 'The Roommate Transmogrification' Trading places Hilarity ensues when Leonard and Raj swap apartments 'The Big Bang Theory' - 'The Roommate Transmogrification' Trading places Hilarity ensues when Leonard and Raj swap apartments More Recaps The Chicago Code View Recaps 'The Chicago Code' - 'Mike Royko's Revenge' Go for the head The show goes out with a bang as Teresa and Jarek look to take down Gibbons 'The Chicago Code' - 'Greylord Gambat' The cop who came in from the cold Unfortunately too late to matter the show delivers a terrific episode Exclusive FOX cancels 'The Chicago Code' Shawn Ryan-produced cop drama one of several FOX series to get the axe Tuesday night 'The Chicago Code' - 'Black Sox' Batting for the home team Jarek and Caleb look into the murder of a prominent gay citizen More Recaps The Killing View Recaps 'The Killing' - 'Beau Soleil' I know what you did last weekend With only one episode to go the investigation finally heats up 'The Killing' - 'Missing' The long detour The murder investigation takes a break for a week and the show oddly improves as a result 'The Killing' - 'I'll Let You Know When I Get There' Family men The show's still a disappointment but some positive signs this week 'The Killing' - 'Undertow' Physical graffiti Bennet Ahmed hears it from all sides while Richmond takes his shot More Recaps The Office View Recaps 'The Office' - 'Search Committee' Cavalcade of stars Too many guest stars not enough laughs 'The Office' - 'Dwight K. Schrute Acting Manager' Keep it in your holster The show does well for a week promoting from within 'The Office' - 'The Inner Circle' The rise and fall of Deangelo Vickers Will Ferrell goes out on a very low note 'The Office' - 'Goodbye Michael' And goodbye Steve Carell Belated thoughts on the sweet funny farewell to the show's leading man More Recaps The Simpsons View Recaps 'Bob's Burgers' - 'Sheesh Cab Bob ' Po-lice that moostash FOX animated comedy deftly blends the strange and the sincere More Recaps The Walking Dead View Recaps 'The Walking Dead' - 'TS-19' Paradise lost The CDC provides some shelter in a rushed but often compelling season finale 'The Walking Dead' - 'Wildfire' Disease control Season one's penultimate episode takes a sharp and fascinating left turn from the comics 'The Walking Dead' - 'Vatos' Gone fishin' Comic book creator Robert Kirkman pens a very strong episode 'The Walking Dead' - 'Tell It to the Frogs' Family reunion Rick visits the survivors' camp and the show tries to focus on character More Recaps The Wire season 3 veterans View Recaps 'The Wire' Rewind Season 3 Episode 12 - 'Mission Accomplished' Veterans edition Several wars come to an end along with the third season 'The Wire' Rewind Season 3 Episode 11 - 'Middle Ground' Veterans edition George Pelecanos scripts another penultimate episode masterpiece 'The Wire' Rewind Season 3 Episode 10 - 'Reformation' Veterans edition Is a slow train coming for Bunny and Stringer 'The Wire' Rewind Season 3 Episode 9 - 'Slapstick' Veterans edition Plans go awry for both cops and crooks. More Recaps Top Chef View Recaps Review Bravo's 'Top Chef Masters' revamps for season 3 A more familiar format brings less familiar chefs 'Top Chef' - 'Finale' Depends on what your definition of 'Iz' is Richard and Mike cooked their tails off in the 'All-Stars' finale 'Top Chef' - 'Last Supper' Top Chef vs. Iron Chef The final 3 have to please the tastebuds of three celebrity chefs 'Top Chef' - 'Island Fever' Sandy situation Is the show being too tough on the chefs this late in the game More Recaps Treme View Recaps 'Treme' - 'Can I Change My Mind ' You can't handle the truth A lot of tough conversations this week 'Treme' - 'Carnival Time' Home cookin' Another wild Mardi Gras day but with some sadness too 'Treme' - 'Feels Like Rain' I write the songs The season hits its compelling mid-point 'Treme' - 'Slip Away' Time to rally Characters have to start over from scratch as we near the season's mid-point More Recaps True Blood View Recaps 'True Blood' - 'Evil Is Going On' Break up the concrete The finale like the season spends too much time on unnecessary subplots 'True Blood' - 'Fresh Blood' Go into the light Eric's plan takes shape in the season's penultimate episode 'True Blood' - 'I Smell a Rat' What a long dull trip it's been Sam's past life Jason's guilt and Sookie's latest bad decision 'True Blood' - 'Everything Is Broken' Do you respect wood Eric makes his pitch to the vampire authorities in a busy episode More Recaps United States of Tara View Recaps 'United States of Tara' - 'Crunchy Ice' In sickness and in health Tara/Bryce begin driving the family away in the chilling penultimate episode 'United States of Tara' - 'Train Wreck' Get out while you still can Bryce continues to torment the family at a tragic time 'United States of Tara' - 'Bryce Will Play' Go fish On the night of cancellation one of the best episodes yet 'United States of Tara' - 'Chicken 'n' Corn' My enemy my alter A new alter identifies itself and bad things happen to an old one More Recaps Latest Posts If I had an Emmy ballot 2011 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Celebrating the men of 'Community ' 'How I Met Your Mother' and more Saturday Jun 18 2011 'Friday Night Lights' - 'Gut Check' The substitute Very little goes according to plan as we head into the final season's home stretch Friday Jun 17 2011 Review TNT's 'Falling Skies' a solid alien invasion thriller Noah Wyle Moon Bloodgood and company fight back against big green men Friday Jun 17 2011 A few 'Breaking Bad' pictures to tide you over til July 17 How are Walt and Jesse looking going into season 4 Friday Jun 17 2011 More Posts Recent Activity on Facebook Most Popular on Facebook In Case You Missed It Listen Beyonce's new track 'I Care' HitFix Interview Noah Wyle talks 'Falling Skies' Summer's Sexiest Women Blake Lively of 'Green Lantern' Moviefone 'True Blood ' 'Game of Thrones' headed to Comic-Con Ke$ha Is Ready To ‘Get Sleazy’ On Her Summer Tour Access About HitFix HitFix provides breaking news and insider analysis on what's next in Movies Music TV and Local Events. 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The pageant is one of the most publicized beauty contests in the world with 600 million viewers.... pageant was held at Fiesta Americana Condesa Hotel Cancún Cancún Cancún is a coastal city in Mexico's easternmost state Quintana Roo on the Yucatán Peninsula. As a rapidly growing city with a quickly changing skyline the estimated population for Cancún is 705 000 in 2010 an increase 20% from the census in 2005... Quintana Roo Quintana Roo Quintana Roo officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo is one of 31 states with the Federal District comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. Located on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula it borders the States of Yucatán and Campeche to the north and west the Caribbean Sea... Mexico Mexico Mexico officially known as the United Mexican States is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean on the southeast by Guatemala Belize and the Caribbean Sea and on the east by the Gulf of... on May 23 1989. Angela Visser Angela Visser Angela Visser is the first woman from the Netherlands to win the Miss Universe pageant in 1989.-Miss Universe ... of Holland Netherlands The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in North-West Europe and with territories in the Caribbean. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy... was crowned as Miss Universe 1989. Seventy-six contestants competed for the crown. Placements Final results Contestant Miss Universe 1989 Netherlands - Angela Visser Angela Visser Angela Visser is the first woman from the Netherlands to win the Miss Universe pageant in 1989.-Miss Universe ... 1st runner-up Sweden - Louise Drevenstam Louise Drevenstam Louise Drevenstam name as married Louise Camuto is a former Miss Sweden from Örebro in Närke Sweden. She finished second in the Miss Universe 1989 contest losing to Dutchwoman Angela Visser. Later that year she was crowned Miss Scandinavia in Helsinki Finland.She married Vince Camuto and is... 2nd runner-up USA - Gretchen Polhemus Gretchen Polhemus After winning the title Miss Texas USA Gretchen Polhemus was crowned the 38th Miss USA in 1989.She was the 5th and last out of five consecutive Texas representatives to win the title .... 3rd runner-up Poland - Joanna Gapińska 4th runner-up Mexico - Adriana Abascal López Cisneros Top 10 Germany - Andrea Stelzer Venezuela - Eva Lisa Ljung Eva Lisa Ljung Eva Lisa Larsdotter Ljung is a former beauty queen who grew up in Caracas and was Miss Venezuela in 1989 the official representative of her country to the Miss Universe pageant held in Cancún México on May 23 1989 where she was one of the Top 10 semifinalists.-External links ****... Finland - Åsa Lövdahl Jamaica - Sandra Foster Chile - Macarena Mina Macarena Mina Macarena Mina Garachena is a pageant titleholder was born in Santiago Chile on October 18 1968. She is the Miss Chile titleholder for 1989 and was the official representative of Chile to the Miss Universe 1989 pageant held in Cancún México.... Semifinal Scores Country Interview Swimsuit Evening Gown Average NLD 9.583 1 9.725 1 9.824 1 9.711 1 9.261 2 9.233 2 9.376 2 9.290 2 8.472 6 9.105 3 9.027 4 8.868 3 8.650 3 8.883 5 9.026 5 8.853 4 USA 8.511 5 8.894 4 8.927 8 8.777 5 8.461 7 8.737 7 9.010 6 8.736 6 Venezuela 8.204 8 8.727 8 9.096 3 8.676 7 8.533 4 8.661 9 8.755 9 8.650 8 8.111 9 8.788 6 8.933 7 8.611 9 8.033 10 8.505 10 8.755 10 8.431 10 Winner First Runner-up Second Runner-up Third Runner-up Fourth Runner-up Top 10 Semifinalist Rank in each round of competition Special Awards Award Contestant Best National Costume Brazil - Flavia Cavalcanti Rebello Guatemala - Helka Cuevas Thailand - Yonlada Ronghanam Yonlada Ronghanam Yonlada Ronghanam nicknamed Nong is Miss Thailand 1989. She competed in the Miss Universe 1989 pageant held in Mexico.- References ... Miss Congeniality TCA - Sharon Simons Miss Photogenic Australia - Karen Wenden Judges Brenda Dykgraaf – U.S. aerobic champion. Phil Richards – Make-up artist. Jacqueline Briskin Jacqueline Briskin Jacqueline Briskin is an American writer specializing in historical fiction. Her books regularly appear on the New York Times bestseller's list.... – American writer specializing in historical fiction. José Eber José Eber José Eber is a well known hairstylist. His flagship salon is in Beverly Hills California. He has written two books and created one video tape. The first book published in 1982 was titled "Shake Your Head Darling". The video tape on hairstyling tips called "Why Do I Call You Sexy " was... – French celebrity hairstylist. Rosalynn Sumners Rosalynn Sumners Rosalynn Diane Sumners is an American ladies' singles figure skater. She was the World Junior champion in 1980 the U.S... – U.S. Olympic Silver Medal Figure Skater and National Champion. Michael Warren Michael Warren actor Michael Warren is an American TV actor and former college basketball player best known for playing Officer Bobby Hill on the NBC television series Hill Street Blues.-Biography ... – American TV actor and former college basketball player. Josie Cruz Natori Josie Natori Josie Natori is a Filipina fashion designer and the CEO and founder of Natori served as a commissioner on the White House Conference on Small Business. In March 2007 she was awarded the Order of Lakandula one of the highest civilian awards in the Philippines... – Filipina fashion designer and CEO and founder of The Natori Company. Giuseppe Della Schiava – Editor and publisher of Harper's Bazaar Italia Harper's Bazaar Harper’s Bazaar is an American fashion magazine first published in 1867. Harper’s Bazaar is published by Hearst and as a magazine considers itself to be the style resource for “women who are the first to buy the best from casual to couture.”... . Jane Feinberg – Casting director. Sy Weintraub Sy Weintraub Sy Weintraub was a movie and television producer best known for his series of Tarzan films and television episodes between 1959 and 1968. Weintraub broke with the Johnny Weissmuller formula of portraying Tarzan as a pidgin-speaking noble savage who lives in a treehouse with Jane and Boy... – Former president of Columbia Pictures Columbia Pictures Columbia Pictures Industries Inc. is an American film production and distribution company. Columbia Pictures now forms part of the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment a subsidiary of the Japanese conglomerate Sony. It is one of the leading film companies... . Emmanuel Emmanuel singer Emmanuel is a Mexican singer who debuted in the 1970s.He is the son of the late Mexican-born bullfighter Raúl Acha and his first wife Spanish singer Conchita Martinez.... – Singer. Contestants - Luisa Norbis - Karina Felix - Karen Wenden - Bettina Berghold - Tasha Ramirez - Anne de Baetzelier - Andrea Sherman McKoy - Cornelia Furbert - Raquel Cors Ulloa - Flavia Cavalcanti Rebello - Viola Joseph - Juliette Powell Juliette Powell Juliette Powell is a Canadian television host producer and author. She was the Miss Canada titleholder in 1989 that contest's first Black Canadian winner.... - Carol Ann Balls - María Macarena Mina Garachena Macarena Mina Macarena Mina Garachena is a pageant titleholder was born in Santiago Chile on October 18 1968. She is the Miss Chile titleholder for 1989 and was the official representative of Chile to the Miss Universe 1989 pageant held in Cancún México.... - María Teresa Egurrola Hinojosa - Luana Freer Bustamante - Anna Mosteiro - Louise Mejlhede - Anny Canaán Camido - María Eugenia Molina - Sally Attah - Beatriz López Rodríguez - Raquel Marie Jory - Åsa Maria Lövdahl - Pascale Meotti - Andrea Steltzer - Tatiana Desoisa - Kristiana Latani - Naja-Rie Sorensen - Janice Santos - Helka Cuevas - Glaphyra Jean-Louis NLD - Angela Visser Angela Visser Angela Visser is the first woman from the Netherlands to win the Miss Universe pageant in 1989.-Miss Universe ... - Frances Siryl Milla Hong Kong - Cynthia Yuk Lui Cheung - Guðbjörg Gissurardóttir - Dolly Minhas Dolly Minhas Dolly Minhas is a popular Indian actress model and Miss India winner in the year 1988. She has acted in Hindi and Kannada films.-Personal life ... - Collette Jackson - Nicole Halperin - Christiana Bertasi - Sandra Foster - Eri Tashiro KOR - Sung-young Kim - Chris Scott - Carmen Cheah Swee MLT - Sylvana Sammut Pandolfino - Jacky Randabel - Adriana Abascal - Shelley Soffe - Bianca Onoh Bianca Onoh Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu is a Nigerian businesswoman and former lawyer best remembered for her controversial relationship with Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu the Ikemba of Nnewi and former Biafran president who was over thirty years her senior... MNP - Soreen Villanueva - Lene Ornhoft - Ana Victoria Schaerer - Mariana Sovero - Sarah Jane Paez - Joanna Gapińska - Anna Francisco Sobrinho - Catalina Villa Republic of China - Chen Yen Ping - Victoria Susannah Lace - Pauline Chong - Eva Pedraza - Veronica Ruston VCT - Camille Samuels - Consuela Cruden - Louise Drevenstam Louise Drevenstam Louise Drevenstam name as married Louise Camuto is a former Miss Sweden from Örebro in Närke Sweden. She finished second in the Miss Universe 1989 contest losing to Dutchwoman Angela Visser. Later that year she was crowned Miss Scandinavia in Helsinki Finland.She married Vince Camuto and is... - Karina Berger Karina Berger Karina Berger of Switzerland was the 1989 Miss Globe International titleholder and Miss Switzerland in 1988.By winning the national title Miss Switzerland in 1988 she earned the right to represent her country in most of the major beauty pageants within the upcoming year... - Yonlada Ronghanam TTO - Guenevere Helen Keishall - Jasmine Baradan TCA - Sharon Simons - Carolina Pies Riet USA - Gretchen Polhemus Gretchen Polhemus After winning the title Miss Texas USA Gretchen Polhemus was crowned the 38th Miss USA in 1989.She was the 5th and last out of five consecutive Texas representatives to win the title .... VIR - Nathalie Lynch Venezuela - Eva Lisa Larsdotter Ljung Eva Lisa Ljung Eva Lisa Larsdotter Ljung is a former beauty queen who grew up in Caracas and was Miss Venezuela in 1989 the official representative of her country to the Miss Universe pageant held in Cancún México on May 23 1989 where she was one of the Top 10 semifinalists.-External links ****... - Andrea Caroline Jones Miss World Miss World 1988 Miss World 1988 The 38th Miss World Pageant was held on November 17 1988 in the Royal Albert Hall London UK. The winner was Linda Pétursdóttir from Iceland. Runner up was Yeon-hee Choi representing Korea and third was Kirsty Roper from the United Kingdom... Gibraltar Holland Ireland Poland and Switzerland Miss World 1989 Miss World 1989 The 39th Miss World marked the very first staging of the Miss World pageant in a foreign location. The pageant was held at the Hong Kong Convention Exhibition Centre. 78 contestants took part in the pageant... Finland Luxembourg Nigeria and Spain Miss World 1990 Miss World 1990 Miss World 1990 the 40th Miss World pageant was held on 8 November 1990 in the London Palladium London United Kingdom. The winner was Gina Tolleson representing the United States.-Results -Special Awards -Continental Queens ... Trinidad Tobago Miss World 1991 Miss World 1991 Miss World 1991 the 41st Miss World pageant was held on December 28 1991 in Georgia World Congress Center Atlanta Georgia USA. The winner was Ninibeth Beatriz Leal Jiménez representing Venezuela.-Results -Order of Semi-finalists * 1. France... Jamaica 3rd runner-up Miss International Miss International 1988 Miss International 1988 The 28th Miss International pageant was held on 17 June 1988 at Gifu Japan. The pageant was hosted by Masumi Okada.-Results - Special awards *Friendship ' Liza Maria Camacho*Photogenic ' Pussorn Boonyakirit... Iceland semi-finalist Miss International 1989 Miss International 1989 The 29th Miss International pageant was held on 17 September 1989 at Kanazawa's Kagekiza. The pageant was hosted by Masumi Okada.-Results -Special awards *Friendship Lilia Andanar *Photogenic Sherri Teixeira... Austria Guam and Scotland semi-finalist Trivia 1989 is the year in which there were two Parades of Nations . In the first Parade of Nations contestants in national costumes introduced themselves in the continental order of their countries for the first time as opposed to the alphabetical order previously. However they only shouted out their countries without mentioning their names. In the second Parade of Nations which was a swimsuit and evening gown video viewers got to know each delegate's name as well as their plans for the future. Misses Austria Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Republic of China Dominican Republic El Salvador Haiti Honduras Paraguay Peru Spain and Venezuela did not speak English in the second Parade of Nations. External links Miss Universe official website Home Discussion Topics Dictionary Almanac Signup Login Miss World 1989 Miss World 1989 Topic Home Discussion Definition Discussion Ask a question about ' Miss World 1989 ' Start a new discussion about ' Miss World 1989 ' Answer questions from other users Full Discussion Forum Encyclopedia The 39th Miss World marked the very first staging of the Miss World pageant in a foreign location. The pageant was held at the Hong Kong Convention Exhibition Centre. 78 contestants took part in the pageant. It was also the first time the Soviet Union has sent a contestant in any major pageant. Results Final results Contestant Miss World 1989 Poland - Aneta Beata Kreglicka 1st runner-up Canada - Leanne Caputo 2nd runner-up Colombia - Monica Maria Isaza Mejia Finalists United States - Jill Renee Scheffert Semi-finalists United Kingdom - Suzanne Younger Special Awards Personality Greet Ramaekers - Belgium Photogenic Anna Gorbunova - U.S.S.R Continental Queens Africa Jeanne-Françoise Clement - Mauritius Americas Leanne Caputo - Canada Asia Prathumrat Woramali - Thailand Caribbean Vania Thomas - American Virgin Islands Europe Aneta Beata Kreglicka - Poland Oceania Natalie Tania McCurry - Australia Order of Annoucements Top 10 1. Mauritius 2. Canada 3. United States 4. Poland 5. American Virgin Islands 6. United Kingdom 7. Colombia 8. Thailand 9. Australia 10. Ireland 78 Contestants Nation Contestant Hometown U.S. Virgin Islands Vanessa Thomas St. Thomas Argentina Patricia Weidenhofer La Pampa Aruba Delailah Odor-Wever Oranjestad Australia Natalie Tania McCurry Sydney Sydney Sydney is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania... Austria Marion Amann Vienna Vienna Vienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city with a population of about 1.7 million and is by far the largest city in Austria as well as its cultural economic and political centre... Bahamas Carolyn Moree Nassau Belgium Greet Ramaekers Limbourg Limbourg Limbourg is a medieval city located in the province of Liège Wallonia Belgium. On 1 January 2008 Limbourg had a total population of 5 680. The total area is 24.63 km² which gives a population density of 231 inhabitants per km².Limbourg is located on top of a hill which in its turn is surrounded... Belize Martha Badillo San Pedro Bermuda Cherie Tannock Warwick Bolivia Maria Victoria Julio Tarija Canada Leanne Caputo Milton Cayman Islands Michelle Garcia Grand Cayman Grand Cayman Grand Cayman is the largest of the three Cayman Islands at about and contains the capital George Town.-Tourism Fast food restaurants night clubs and resorts can be found on the western side of the island. The eastern districts offer more restaurants specialising in native Caymanian cuisine.Seven... Chile Claudia Celis Bahamondes Santiago Republic of China Wang Min-Yei Taipei Taipei Taipei City is the largest city of Taiwan and the capital of the Republic of China . Situated at the tip of the island Taipei is located on the Danshui River and is about 25 km southwest of Keelung its port on the Pacific Ocean... Colombia Monica Maria Isaza Mejia Medellin Medellín Medellín officially the Municipio de Medellín or Municipality of Medellín is the second largest city in Colombia. It is in the Aburrá Valley one of the more northerly of the Andes in South America. It has a population of 2.4 million... Costa Rica Maria Antonieta Saenz Vargas San Jose Curaçao Supharmy Sadjie Willemstad Cyprus Irma Voulgari Larnaca Larnaca Larnaca is a city on the southern coast of Cyprus. It has a population of 72 000 and is the island's second largest commercial port and an important tourist resort... Czechoslovakia Jana Hronkova Košice Košice Košice is a city in eastern Slovakia. It is situated on the river Hornád at the eastern reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains near the border with Hungary... Denmark Charlotte Pedersen Holstebro Holstebro Holstebro Municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in west Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 790 km² and has a total population of 57 020 . Its mayor is H. C... Dominican Republic Irma Guillermina Mauriz Pimentel San Felipe de Puerto Plata San Felipe de Puerto Plata San Felipe de Puerto Plata often referred to as simply Puerto Plata is the capital of the Dominican province Puerto Plata.The city is famous for resorts such as Playa Dorada and Costa Dorada located east of San Felipe de Puerto Plata. There are a total of 100 000 hotel beds in the city.The only... Ecuador Ximena Paulett Correa Jarre Machala Machala Machala is a city in south-west Ecuador. It is the capital of the El Oro Province and located near the Gulf of Guayaquil on fertile lowlands. Machala has a population of 426 901 making it the fourth biggest city of the country and has been referred to as the Banana Capital of the... El Salvador Ana Estela Aguilar San Salvador San Salvador San Salvador City is the capital and largest city of the nation of El Salvador. It is the third most populous city in Central America after Guatemala City and Managua. Home to one-half of El Salvador's wealth the city's per capita GDP - PPP is approximately USD11 200 compared to a national... Finland Åsa Maria Lovdahl Helsinki Helsinki Helsinki is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the southern part of Finland in the region of Uusimaa/Nyland on the shore of the Gulf of Finland by the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is making it the most populous municipality in Finland by a wide margin.... France Stephanie Peggy Zlotkowski Bordeaux Bordeaux Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in southwest France with an estimated population of 250 082. The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area has a population of 1 010 000 and constitutes the seventh-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region as well... Germany Jasmine Bell Berlin Berlin Berlin is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union... Ghana Afua Amoah Bonsu Accra Accra Accra is the capital and largest city in Ghana with the population of the city proper estimated at 1 963 264 as of 2009. Accra also doubles as the capital of the Greater Accra Region and of the Accra Metropolitan District with which it is coterminous... Gibraltar Audrey Gingell Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltar is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar. The territory itself is a peninsula of whose isthmus connects to the north with Spain... Greece Katerina Petropoulou Athens Athens Athens the capital and largest city of Greece dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's oldest cities its recorded history spans around 3 400 years.The Greek capital has a population of 745 514 within its administrative limits and a land area of... Guam Cora Taitano Yanger Mangilao Guatemala Rocio Lerma de la Vega Guatemala City Guatemala City Guatemala City is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Guatemala... Guyana Lyla Shalimar Ryhaan Majeed Georgetown Netherlands Liesbeth Caspers Noordwijk Noordwijk Noordwijk is a village and municipality in the western Netherlands in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 51.53 km² and had a population of 24 707 in May 2006.... Honduras Belinda Bodden Alvarez San Pedro Sula San Pedro Sula San Pedro Sula is a city in Honduras. It is located in the northwest corner of the country in the Valle de Sula about 60 km south of Puerto Cortés on the Caribbean Sea... Hong Kong Ewong Yung-Hung Hong Kong Hungary Magdolna Gerloczy Budapest Budapest Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal political cultural commercial industrial and transportation centre. In 2010 Budapest had 1 721 556 inhabitants down from 1980 peak of 2.06 million. The Budapest Commuter Area is home to... Iceland Hugrun Linda Gudmundsdóttir Reykjavik Reykjavík Reykjavík is the capital and largest city of Iceland. Its latitude at 64°08' N makes it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state. It is located in southwestern Iceland on the southern shore of Faxaflói Bay... Ireland Barbara Ann Curran Dublin Dublin Dublin is the primate and capital city of Ireland. It is officially known in Irish as Baile Átha Cliath or Áth Cliath . The English name is derived from the Irish Dubh Linn... Israel Ronit Siton Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem is the capital of Israel though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included it is Israel's largest city in both population and area with a population of 763 800 residents over an area of... Italy Paola Mercurio Naples Naples Naples is a city in Italy it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. Known for its rich history art culture architecture music and gastronomy Naples has played an important role in the the Italian peninsula and beyond for much of its existence which began... Jamaica Natasha Lee Marcanik Kingston Japan Kaori Muto Tokyo Tokyo officially is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. It is located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .Tokyo is the capital of Japan the center of the Greater... Kenya Grace Chabari Mombasa Mombasa Mombasa is the second-largest city in Kenya. Lying next to the Indian Ocean it has a major port and an international airport. The city also serves as the centre of the coastal tourism industry. The original Arabic name is منبعثة Manbasa in Swahili it is called Kisiwa Cha Mvita which means... South Korea Kim Hye-ree Seoul Seoul Seoul officially the Seoul Special City is the capital and largest city of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 12 million it is one of the largest cities in the world The Seoul National Capital Area which includes the Incheon metropolis and most of Gyeonggi province has 24.5... Latvian SSR Ina Magone Liepaja Liepaja Liepāja historical variant Libau is a city in western Latvia on the Baltic sea and the administrative center of Liepāja district. It is the largest city in the Kurzeme Region of Latvia the third largest city in Latvia after Riga and Daugavpils and an important ice-free port. As of 1 January... Luxembourg Chris Scott Luxembourg City Macau Guilhermina Madeira da Silva Pedruco Macau Macau Macau also spelled Macao is along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.The territory's economy is heavily dependent... Malaysia Vivien Chen Shee-Yee Kuching Kuching Kuching officially the City of Kuching is the capital of the East Malaysian state of Sarawak. Being the most populous city in Sarawak Kuching emerged as one of the most vibrant cities in the region and it is the largest city on the island of Borneo and the fourth largest city in... Malta Marika Micallef Għargħur Mauritius Jeanne-Françoise Nathalie Clement Beau Bassin Mexico Nelia Maria Ochoa Arteaga Veracruz Veracruz Veracruz formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the United Mexican States. Veracruz is bordered by Tamaulipas to the north the Gulf to the east Tabasco to the southeast Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south and Puebla Hidalgo and San Luis Potosi to the west... South Africa Namibia Namibia Namibia officially the Republic of Namibia is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March... Emarencia Emsie Esterhuizen Windhoek Windhoek Windhoek is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia. It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area around above sea level. The 2001 census determined Windhoek's population was 233 529... New Zealand Helen Rowney Auckland Auckland The Auckland metropolitan area in the North Island of New Zealand is the largest and most populous urban area in the country with a population approaching 1.4 million residents percent of the country's population. Demographic trends indicate that it will continue to grow faster than the rest... Nigeria Bianca Onoh Bianca Onoh Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu is a Nigerian businesswoman and former lawyer best remembered for her controversial relationship with Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu the Ikemba of Nnewi and former Biafran president who was over thirty years her senior... Enugu Enugu Enugu is the capital of Enugu State in Nigeria. It is located in the southeastern area of Nigeria and is largely populated by members of the Igbo an ethnic group in Nigeria. The city has a population of 722 664 according to the 2006 Nigerian census... Norway Bente Charlotte Rosenkilde Brunland Oslo Oslo Oslo is the capital and largest city in Norway. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III "Hardrada" of Norway the city was largely destroyed by a fire in 1624. The Danish–Norwegian king Christian IV rebuilt the city as Christiania . In 1925 the city reclaimed its original Norwegian name Oslo... Panama Gloria Stella Quintana Panama City Panama City Panama is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama. It has a population of 813 097 with a total metro population of 1 206 792 and it is located at the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal at... Papua New Guinea Joycelin Leahy Port Moresby Port Moresby Port Moresby or Pot Mosbi in Tok Pisin is the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea . It is located on the shores of the Gulf of Papua on the southeastern coast of the island of New Guinea. In 2000 it had a population of 254 158... Paraguay Alicia Maria Jaime Villamayor Asuncion Asunción Asunción is the capital and largest city of Paraguay. The Spanish word asunción means assumption in English... Peru Maritza Zorrilla Priori Lima Lima Lima is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón Rímac and Lurín rivers on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area... Philippines Estrella Singson Querubin Manila Manila Manila officially the City of Manila is the capital of the Philippines and one of the 16 cities that make up Metro Manila one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world with a population of 20 million people. It is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay on the western side of the... Poland Aneta Beata Kreglicka Gdansk Gdansk Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast in northern Poland at the centre of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.... Portugal Maria Angelica Mira Rosado Lisbon Lisbon Lisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal with a population of 479 884 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 2.4 million on a area of it is the 12th most populous urban area in... Puerto Rico Tania Collazo Orocovis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Anna Young Kingstown Kingstown Kingstown estimated population 15 900 is the chief port of Saint Vincent and the capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located at . Kingstown is a centre for the island's agricultural industry and a port of entry for tourists... Singapore Jacqueline Ang Singapore Singapore Singapore officially the Republic of Singapore is an island country off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula north of the equator in the Southeast Asian region of the Asian continent. It is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by... Spain Eva Maria Pedraza Lopez Cordoba Sri Lanka Serena Danvers Colombo Colombo Colombo is the largest city and former capital of Sri Lanka. It is located on the west coast of the island and adjacent to Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte the capital. Colombo is a busy and vibrant city with a mixture of modern life and colonial buildings and ruins and a city population of 647 100... Sweden Lena Berglind Gothenburg Gothenburg Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the southwest coast of Sweden the city proper has a population of 509 847 with 510 491 in the urban area and total of 922 938 inhabitants in the metropolitan area.The City of Gothenburg... Switzerland Catherine Mesot Wil Wil Wil is the capital of the Wahlkreis of Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.Wil is the third largest city in the Canton of St. Gallen after the city of St... Thailand Prathumrat Woramali Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok is the capital largest urban area and primary city of Thailand. Known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or กรุงเทพฯ Krung Thep Bangkok is the capital largest urban area and primary city of Thailand. Known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or กรุงเทพฯ Krung Thep Bangkok... Trinidad and Tobago Samantha Bhagan Goodwood Park Turkey Burçu Burkut Izmir Izmir İzmir is a city in western Turkey and the seat of İzmir Province. It is Turkey's third most populous city and the country's second largest port city after Istanbul. It is located along the outlying waters of the Gulf of İzmir by the Aegean Sea.The city of İzmir is composed of several districts... Uganda Doreen Lamon-Opira Kampala Kampala Kampala is the largest city and capital of Uganda. The city is divided into five boroughs that oversee local planning Kampala Central Kawempe Division Makindye Division Nakawa Division and Lubaga Division. The city is coterminous with Kampala District.... United Kingdom Suzanne Younger Caerphilly Caerphilly Caerphilly is a town in the county borough of Caerphilly south Wales located at the southern end of the Rhymney Valley with a population of approximately 31 000. It is a commuter town of Cardiff and Newport which are located some 7.5 miles and 12 miles away respectively... United States Jill Renee Scheffert Oklahoma City Oklahoma city Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma.Oklahoma City may also refer to *Oklahoma City metropolitan area*Downtown Oklahoma City*Uptown Oklahoma City*Oklahoma City bombing*Oklahoma City National Memorial... Soviet Union Anna Gorbunova Moscow Moscow Moscow is the capital the most populous city and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political economic cultural religious financial educational and transportation centre of Russia and the world a global city... Venezuela Fabiola Chiara Candosin Marchetti Caracas Caracas Caracas officially Santiago de León de Caracas is the capital and largest city of Venezuela natives or residents are known as Caraqueños. It is located in the northern part of the country following the contours of the narrow Caracas Valley on the Venezuelan coastal mountain range . The... Yugoslavia Aleksandra Dobras Banja Luka Banja Luka Banja Luka or sometimes Banjaluka is the second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the largest and most developed city in the Republika Srpska entity. Traditionally it has been the center of the Bosanska Krajina region located in the north-western part of the country... Returning countries and Debuts Hungary Latvia Namibia and U.S.S.R competed in Miss World for the first time. Czechoslovakia last competed in 1969 Miss World 1969 The 19th annual Miss World pageant was held for the first time at the Royal Albert Hall on November 22 1969 on BBC. 50 delegates vied for the crown won by Eva Rueber-Staier of Austria.- Results *Miss World 1969 Eva Rueber-Staier '... . Aruba and Puerto Rico last competed in 1985 Miss World 1985 Miss World 1985 the 35th Miss World pageant was held on 14 November 1985 in the Royal Albert Hall London United Kingdom. 78 contestants from all over the world competed for the coveted title... . Panama last competed in 1987 Miss World 1987 The 37th Miss World Pageant was held on November 12 1987 in the Royal Albert Hall London UK. The winner was Ulla Weigerstorfer from Austria. Runner up was Albani Josefina Lozada Jimenez from Venezuela and third was Anna Margret Jonsdottir from Iceland.-Results -Order of Semi-finalists * 1.... . Withdrawals and Nations not competing Barbados British Virgin Islands Bulgaria Egypt St. Kitts Swaziland Turks Caicos and Uruguay failed to send delegates in Miss World 1989. Brazil lost its Miss World franchise. India had to postpone its national pageant and was scheduled to be held three months later. Lebanon did not compete in Miss World due to a civil war. Other Notes This is the first time that Miss World was held overseas in the city of Hong Kong. This is also the first time that the award for the "Queen of Caribbean" was included. Czechoslovakia failed to make into the Top 10 in Miss World but made into the semi-finals in Miss Universe 1990 Miss Universe 1990 Miss Universe 1990 the 39th Miss Universe pageant was held at Shubert Theatre Los Angeles USA on April 15 1990. Mona Grudt of Norway was crowned as Miss Universe 1990. Seventy-one contestants competed for the crown.... in Los Angeles. Ireland who placed as semi-finalist in Miss World failed to make into the semi-finals in Miss Universe 1990. Aneta-Beata Kreglicka of Poland was the first Eastern European woman to win the Miss World title. She also placed as 1st runner-up in Miss International 1989 Miss International 1989 The 29th Miss International pageant was held on 17 September 1989 at Kanazawa's Kagekiza. The pageant was hosted by Masumi Okada.-Results -Special awards *Friendship Lilia Andanar *Photogenic Sherri Teixeira... in Japan two months before. Norway Bente Charlotte Rosenkilde Brunland who made into the semi-finals in Miss Universe 1988 Miss Universe 1988 Miss Universe 1988 the 37th Miss Universe Pageant was held at Lin Kou Stadium Taipei Taiwan on May 24 1988. Porntip Nakhirunkanok of Thailand was crowned the title of Miss Universe 1988. 66 contestants competed in the pageant... in Taipei failed to make into the semi-finals in Miss World. Preliminary swimsuits in Miss World were held in Hong Kong and Taiwan. American Virgin Islands made into the semi-finals in Miss World for the first time and received an award for the "Queen of Caribbean". However she failed to put her through the semi-finals in Miss Universe eight years later. Finland Âsa Maria Lovdahl who made into the semi-finals in Miss Universe 1989 Miss Universe 1989 Miss Universe 1989 the 38th Miss Universe pageant was held at Fiesta Americana Condesa Hotel Cancún Quintana Roo Mexico on May 23 1989. Angela Visser of Holland was crowned as Miss Universe 1989. Seventy-six contestants competed for the crown.... in Cancun Mexico also failed to make into the semi-finals in Miss World. She got 26 points for her preliminary score which is the same as Miss United Kingdom and United States but the 2 of them made the semi-finals instead. American Virgin Islands Mauritius and Australia made the semi-finals with less than 26 points for preliminary scores because a semi-final spots is already reserved in the Top 10 for the highest preliminary scores of each of the 6 continents. France Peggy Zlotkowski did not compete in Miss Universe 1989 Miss Universe 1989 Miss Universe 1989 the 38th Miss Universe pageant was held at Fiesta Americana Condesa Hotel Cancún Quintana Roo Mexico on May 23 1989. Angela Visser of Holland was crowned as Miss Universe 1989. Seventy-six contestants competed for the crown.... by the replacement of Pascale Meotti because of underage. The Miss World 1989 Parade of Nations introduced the contestants with their national costumes and evening gowns for the first time. Kenya Grace Chabari is now a professional model and works in a modelling agency in Düsseldorf Germany. 7 out of 10 countries which made it into the semifinals were not in the semifinals last year Thailand 1972 Mauritius 1975 Canada 1984 Ireland 1986 Colombia and Poland 1987 . American Virgin Islands had made into the semi-finals in Miss World after its debut in 1976. Contestants Preliminary Scores Country Score Country Score American Virgin Islands 22 Italy 24 Argentina 19 Jamaica 18 Aruba 18 Japan 19 Australia 25 Kenya 19 Austria 20 Korea 24 Bahamas 18 Latvia 18 Belgium 18 Luxembourg 23 Belize 18 Macau 19 Bermuda 18 Malaysia 18 Bolivia 20 Malta 18 Canada 29 Mauritius 20 Cayman Islands 18 Mexico 22 Chile 18 Namibia 18 Republic of China 18 New Zealand 18 Colombia 27 Nigeria 18 Costa Rica 18 Norway 25 Curaçao 18 Panama 21 Cyprus 18 Papua New Guinea 18 Czechoslovakia 21 Paraguay 18 Denmark 21 Peru 19 Dominican Republic 19 Philippines 20 Ecuador 18 Poland 30 El Salvador 19 Portugal 20 Finland 26 Puerto Rico 18 France 19 St. Vincent the Grenadines 20 Germany 22 Singapore 19 Ghana 18 Spain 18 Gibraltar 18 Sri Lanka 18 Greece 18 Sweden 18 Guam 18 Switzerland 19 Guatemala 19 Thailand 29 Guyana 18 Trinidad Tobago 19 Holland 25 Turkey 19 Honduras 20 Uganda 18 Hong Kong 18 United Kingdom 26 Hungary 22 United States 26 Iceland 19 U.S.S.R 24 Ireland 27 Venezuela 20 Israel 23 Yugoslavia 18 External links Pageantopolis Jimmy's Pageant Page United States Wrestling Association Un article de Wikipédia l'encyclopédie libre. Aller à Navigation rechercher Logo de United States Wrestling Association Création 1989 Disparition 1997 Fondateur s Jerry Jarrett Fritz von Erich Siège social #160 Memphis Tennessee #160 États-Unis Direction Jerry Jarrett 1989-1997 Kevin Von Erich 1989-1990 Jerry Lawler 1997 Activité s Divertissement sportif catch Société mère Continental Wrestling Association World Class Championship Wrestling Site Web Site web modifier #160 La United States Wrestling Association ou USWA est une ancienne fédération de catch basée à Memphis Tennessee . Cette fédération a été fondée en 1989 par le propriétaire de la Continental Wrestling Association Jerry Jarrett . Sommaire 1 Fondation 2 Principaux titres 3 Catcheurs de la USWA 4 Liens externes modifier Fondation La USWA a été fondé en 1989 après la faillite de la American Wrestling Association . Ils ont essayé de construire une fédération qui serait au niveau de la World Wrestling Federation et de la Extreme Championship Wrestling de Paul Heyman et de la World Championship Wrestling . La fédération est gérée par Jerry Lawler . modifier Principaux titres USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship USWA Tag Team Championship USWA Texas Heavyweight Championship USWA Television Championship USWA Women's Championship USWA Junior Heavyweight Championship USWA Middleweight Championship modifier Catcheurs de la USWA Jerry Lawler Randy Hales Bill Dundee Brian Christopher Spellbinder Ricky Morton Jeff Jarrett Master of Pain/The Punisher Jimmy Valiant Austin Idol Kamala Eddie Gilbert Koko B. Ware Junkyard Dog Sid Vicious J.C. Ice Wolfie D Flex Kavana John Tatum Stacy Carter Terry Funk Chris Youngblood Mark Youngblood Dutch Mantell Tom Prichard Pat Tanaka Paul Diamond Eric Embry Tommy Rich Buddy Landell Doug Gilbert Brian Lee Billy Jack Haynes Jesse James Armstrong Miss Texas Toni Adams Scotty Anthony Robert Fuller The Harris Brothers Tracy Smothers Downtown Bruno Steve Doll Doomsday Billy Travis Cowabunga The Ninja Turtle ou Cowabunga II Nightmare Freddy Ashley Stone Cold Steve Austin modifier Liens externes en Titres de la United States Wrestling Association sur le site Pro-Wrestling Title Histories Portail du catch Ce document provient de « http //fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Wrestling_Association ». Catégories   United States Wrestling Association Organisme fondé en 1989 Organisme disparu en 1997 Catégorie cachée  Portail Catch/Articles liés Outils personnels Créer un compte ou se connecter Espaces de noms Article Discussion Variantes Affichages Lire Modifier Afficher l’historique Actions Rechercher Navigation Accueil Portails thématiques Index alphabétique Article au hasard Contacter Wikipédia Contribuer Premiers pas Aide Communauté Modifications récentes Faire un don Imprimer / exporter Créer un livre Télécharger comme PDF Version imprimable Boîte à outils Pages liées Suivi des pages liées Importer un fichier Pages spéciales Adresse de cette version Citer cette page Autres langues Dansk Deutsch English Italiano 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmål ‬ Português 中文 Dernière modification de cette page le 25 mars 2011 à 15 17. Droit d'auteur les textes sont disponibles sous licence Creative Commons paternité partage à l’identique d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les conditions d’utilisation pour plus de détails ainsi que les crédits graphiques . En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page voyez comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence . Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la Wikimedia Foundation Inc. organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe 501 c 3 du code fiscal des États-Unis. Politique de confidentialité À propos de Wikipédia Avertissements to occasions. or or Miss carry.

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